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11

Capacitors

For this power supply circuit the capacitor has two main roles and one side effect. The first role 

for the capacitor is to dampen the voltage and remove any ripple leftover. The second role for the 

capacitor is to act as a decoupling capacitor to remove noise from another circuit element by acting 

as a shunt and reducing the effects throughout the entire circuit. The issue that is primarily derived 

from the capacitor is equivalent series resistance. The capacitors resistances comes from the leads, 

furthermore it generates transient spikes that could damage your components which are current 

sensitive at the output of the power supply. To remedy this problem a serial resistor can be used or 

a protective parallel resistor.  

The capacitors that are included in this kit are radial electrolytic with their voltage ratings. The 

orientation for the capacitors are important as the wrong orientation could cause the capacitors 

to  exploded  or  leak.  The  composition  of  the  polarized  capacitor  allows  for  an  affordable  and 

inexpensive material, however do the design method the anode film and cathode film cannot be 

reversely charged or else it could burn the film. 

Voltage Regulator

Linear Voltage Regulators are used commonly in many power regulating circuits in the form of a 

T0-220 package. A liner voltage regulator is responsible for supplying a constant output voltage 

regardless of the change in input to the IC. The circuitry inside the Regulator attempts to hold 

the value set by the users demand or the adjust pin. The maximum current in the input is the 

maximum current that can be outputted. Essentially the system will act as a proportional, integral 

and differential system (PID). When the output voltage is higher or lower than demand, the current 

will adjust to meet the output required. If you are scratching your head trying to understand how 

this is done, recall ohm’s law V=I*R. Increase the current and keep the same resistance, voltage 

goes up. Decrease current and keep the same resistance the voltage does down. 

Due to this constant regulation of voltage if a load is introduce at the output that is active and 

requires current it gets harder for the regulator to do its job, especially when the voltage output 

requested is low. To remedy that, a heat sink is introduced to cool the circuitry within the packaging; 

aluminum is a good thermal conductor and that why you shouldn’t touch the silver back side. This 

allows users to attach heat sink that are screwed onto the back of the IC or in this case clipped on. 

The LM317 like any device has its limits; the maximum it can regulate is 37 Volts. The maximum 

current it can handle is 1.5 amps. If you are within these operating temperatures and forgot to 

place a heat sink on the regulator the chances that it might work again after cooling down is very 

likely. The LM317 has a protective circuity to shut down the regulator if the temperature reaches a 

very high point, that around 125°C! You can safely dissipate 0.25 watts with the LM317. 

Here is the formula for finding your thermal dissipation.

Dissipated power (watts) = (Vin-Vout) * iL (Load current)

So the power supply outputting 1 volts would be (18v – 1v) * 1 Amp = 17 watts. THAT IS A LOT!

You may be wondering, when I measured the output of my power supply the maximum current 

of 5 led(s) at the output was a total of 0.15 amps not 1 amp! Don’t panic, this is perfectly normal. 

You will never exceed 0.5 Amps, since the regulator is responsible for regulating it only outputs 

the current you need for the voltage you want and thus you may end up with a lower current. 

The power supply is designed to handle 1 amp so if you did do a future project that required such 

amperage, please place an appropriate heat sink. 

Summary of Contents for AK-10

Page 1: ...s abra electronics com U S Toll Free 1 800 717 2272 Can Toll Free 1 800 361 5237 18 Volts AC output and a Variable 18 volts DC output Up to 1 Amp in current output Simple component placement guide On...

Page 2: ...oblueshooting FAQs 12 13 VIII About Us 14 Designed by Thushanth Sithambararajan Rev 1 0 1 Parts list 2x 220 F Capacitor C2 C3 2200 F Capacitor C1 DPDT Switch On On 2x 2 pin Terminal Block AC DC T0 220...

Page 3: ...ndoffs 18 volts sine wave 18 volts adjustable DC PC mount potentiometer with fine precsion adjustment Included heatsink Specs Tools Required Pencil type soldering iron Solder 60 tin 40 lead recommende...

Page 4: ...em into the place marker where they belong 3 Insert Components and bend the pins slighty to hold into place when soldering 4 Solder the pin with the soldering iron for tips on how to solder please rea...

Page 5: ...d the two blue wires to the outside connections 10 Place on the LM317 the heat sink clip 11 Solder the terminal connection blocks and flick the switch to off position pointing downwards in reference t...

Page 6: ...r degrees but they often come back to where they started For example the figure below the voltage offset is 0 volts The sine wave starts at 0 volts and will end at 0v the length of this period is 2 or...

Page 7: ...imple matter of plotting it away from the origin by 90 as its starting point However if the period is 2 or 6 it can get messy quick ly by not knowing where to end A simple way to get over this is to c...

Page 8: ...mathematically to find the midpoint of the AC voltage or current that is being provided during time lapse of the period The difference between RMS and Average is with the fact that RMS is the instanta...

Page 9: ...lculate the Power of a device using the North American single phase power is calculated in terms of Watts Power Volt Current kW actual load power kVA apparent load power A Centered tapped transformer...

Page 10: ...ormer parallel connection more current less voltage Dual input transformer parallel connection Very versatile for 110v or 220v application one transformer Dual input transformer series connection Dual...

Page 11: ...e or half wave Full wave rectifiers Full wave rectifiers convert the entire waveform into one constant polarity at the output in essence they convert the AC to a DC wave In some sense a half wave rect...

Page 12: ...current will adjust to meet the output required If you are scratching your head trying to understand how this is done recall ohm s law V I R Increase the current and keep the same resistance voltage g...

Page 13: ...n power dissipation will explain the reason for overheating A temporary solution is to place a heat sink on the LM317 IC I have no voltage output Please check if the solder contacts were soldered prop...

Page 14: ...lease read the Capacitor subsection in the theory chapter Where can I mount this ThesideholesallowyoutomountthepowersupplywithABRAstandoffswhereeveryouplease alternatively you may purchase a plastic p...

Page 15: ...ts all with affordable pricing Feel Free to call us on our toll free numbers indicated below You will be greeted with our knowledgeable and courteous staff members You are also free to visit our websi...

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