Acer V35N, User Manual

Page 1: ...V35N System User s Guide ...

Page 2: ...rpose Any software described in this manual is sold or licensed as is Should the programs prove defective following their purchase the buyer and not this company its distributor or its dealer assumes the entire cost of all necessary servicing repair and any incidental or consequential damages resulting from any defect in the software Further this company reserves the right to revise this publicati...

Page 3: ...ration of the product and to protect it from overheating these openings must not be blocked or covered The openings should never be blocked by placing the product on a bed sofa rug or other similar surface This product should never be placed near or over a radiator or heat register or in a built in installation unless proper ventilation is provided 7 This product should be operated from the type o...

Page 4: ...ing or removing covers may expose you to dangerous voltage points or other risks Refer all servicing to qualified service personnel 13 Unplug this product from the wall outlet and refer servicing to qualified service personnel under the following conditions a When the power cord or plug is damaged or frayed b If liquid has been spilled into the product c If the product has been exposed to rain or ...

Page 5: ...xplode if not handled properly Do not recharge disassemble or dispose of in fire Keep away from children and dispose of used battery promptly 16 Use only the proper type of power supply cord set provided in your keyboard manual accessories box for this unit It should be a detachable type UL listed CSA certified type SVT SJT rated 6A 125V minimum VDE approved or its equivalent Maximum length is 15 ...

Page 6: ...nce will not occur in a particular installation If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures 1 Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna 2 Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver 3 Co...

Page 7: ...Notice 2 Shielded interface cables if any must be used in order to comply with the emission limits vii ...

Page 8: ... two chapters as follows Chapter 1 System Board This chapter describes the system board and all its major components It contains the system board layout jumper settings cache and memory configurations and other internal devices Chapter 2 BIOS Utility This chapter explains the system BIOS and tells how to configure the system by setting the BIOS parameters viii ...

Page 9: ...e keyboard NOTE Gives bits and pieces of additional information related to the current topic WARNING Alerts you to any damage that might result from doing or not doing specific actions CAUTION Suggests precautionary measures to avoid potential hardware or software problems IMPORTANT Reminds you to take specific action relevant to the accomplishment of the procedure at hand TIP Tells how to accompl...

Page 10: ...through little shortcuts x ...

Page 11: ...stalling Memory 1 11 1 6 1 Installing a SIMM 1 13 1 6 2 Removing a SIMM 1 14 1 6 3 Reconfiguring the System 1 14 1 7 Upgrading the Second level Cache 1 15 1 8 Installing ISA Cards 1 16 1 9 Post installation Instructions 1 17 1 10 Error Messages 1 17 1 10 1 Software Error Messages 1 17 1 10 2 System Error Messages 1 18 1 10 3 Correcting Error Conditions 1 19 Chapter 2 BIOS Utility 2 1 Entering Setu...

Page 12: ...ache 2 12 2 3 2 External Cache 2 12 2 3 3 E0000h FFFFFh System BIOS 2 12 2 3 4 C0000h C7FFFh Video BIOS 2 12 2 3 5 USB Host Controller 2 12 2 3 6 Memory at 15MB 16MB 2 12 2 3 7 DRAM Leadoff Timing Read Write RAS Pre 2 13 2 3 8 RAS to CAS Delay 2 13 2 3 9 DRAM Write Burst Timing 2 13 2 3 10 DRAM Read Burst Timing EDO FPM 2 14 2 3 11 ECC Parity Mode Selection 2 14 2 4 PCI System Configuration 2 15 2...

Page 13: ... On Password 2 29 2 7 Load Setup Default Settings 2 30 2 8 Leaving Setup 2 31 List of Figures 1 1 System Board Layout 1 3 1 2 Installing a CPU 1 5 1 3 Installing an OverDrive CPU 1 6 1 4 Jumper and Connector Locations 1 7 1 5 20 Pin Multifunction Connector CN16 1 10 1 6 Installing a SIMM 1 13 1 7 Removing a SIMM 1 14 1 8 Installing the Cache Module 1 15 List of Tables 1 1 Clearances for OverDrive ...

Page 14: ...nnectors 1 10 1 7 Memory Configurations 1 11 1 8 System Error Messages 1 18 2 1 Drive Control Settings 2 22 2 2 Serial Port 1 Settings 2 23 2 3 Serial Port 2 Settings 2 24 2 4 Parallel Port Settings 2 24 2 5 Parallel Port Operation Mode Settings 2 25 xiv ...

Page 15: ...h as two serial ports one parallel port a diskette drive interface and an embedded hard disk interface are also incorporated in the system board A Universal Serial Bus USB interface is added to the design to enable the system to support additional peripherals The system supports the power management function that conforms to the power saving standards of the U S Environmental Protection Agency EPA...

Page 16: ...n ECC functions 256 KB 512 KB pipelined burst second level cache Integrates an enhanced PCI local bus IDE controller 128 KB Flash ROM for system BIOS Three ISA and four PCI expansion slots one PCI and ISA shared slot Dual 16C550 buffered serial ports and one ECP EPP parallel port Optional USB interface that enables the system to support more peripherals PS 2 mouse and keyboard interface Plug and P...

Page 17: ...pelined burst cache 13 PS 2 mouse connector 6 Cache module socket 14 PS 2 keyboard connector 7 CPU socket 8 Voltage regulators with heatsink Figure 1 1 System Board Layout The heatsink becomes very hot when the system is on NEVER touch the heatsink with any metal or with your hands System Board 1 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 11 1 2 1 3 1 4 ...

Page 18: ...e requiring ESD protection 1 3 Pre installation Instructions Always observe the following before you install a system component 1 Turn off the system power and all the peripherals connected to the unit before opening it 2 Open the system according to the instructions in the housing installation manual 3 Follow the ESD precautions in section 1 2 before handling a system component 4 Remove any expan...

Page 19: ... ZIF socket for easy CPU installation Follow these steps to install a CPU 1 Pull up the socket lever 2 Insert the CPU making sure that pin 1 indicated by a notched corner of the CPU connects to hole 1 of the socket 3 Pull down the socket lever to lock the CPU into the socket Step 1 Hole for Pin 1 Step 2 Step 3 Figure 1 2 Installing a CPU System Board 1 5 Notched corner ...

Page 20: ...st 3 of 4 0 2 inches Follow these steps to install an OverDrive CPU 1 Locate the CPU socket and pull up the socket lever 2 Remove the old CPU carefully from the socket and place it in an antistatic package 3 Take the upgrade CPU out of its antistatic package 4 Carefully insert the CPU into the socket such that pin 1 indicated by a notched corner of the CPU connects to hole 1 of the socket Figure 1...

Page 21: ...1 5 Jumpers and Connectors Figure 1 4 shows the jumper and connector locations Figure 1 4 Jumper and Connector Locations The shaded pin indicates pin 1 System Board 1 7 ...

Page 22: ...le memory JP5 1 2 2 3 3 3V operating voltage 3 6V operating voltage JP6 1 2 2 3 60 MHz DRAM refresh rate 66 MHz DRAM refresh rate JP10 1 2 2 3 Enable SMI switch Enable Reset switch JPX2 1 2 2 3 Select 256 KB cache Select 512 KB cache JPX3 1 2 2 3 Support 2 5V CPU voltage Support 2 8V CPU voltage Table 1 3 CPU Type Select CN10 CN11 CNX1 CPU Type 1 3 2 4 1 3 2 4 Open P54C Open Open 1 5 2 6 3 7 4 8 P...

Page 23: ...Hz 2 3 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 3 100 MHz 2 3 1 2 2 3 1 2 2 4 120 MHz 2 3 2 3 2 3 1 2 1 3 133 MHz 2 3 1 2 2 3 2 3 2 4 150 MHz 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 1 3 166 MHz 2 3 2 3 1 2 2 3 1 3 200 MHz Table 1 5 Second level Cache Size Select JP7 JPX1 Cache Size 1 2 1 2 Disable cache 2 3 1 2 256 KB 1 2 2 3 512 KB 2 3 2 3 Reserved System Board 1 9 ...

Page 24: ...N7 USB connector CN8 HDD1 connector CN9 HDD2 connector CN13 Infrared IR function connector CN15 IDE LED connector CN16 Multifunction connector CO1 Two pin fan connector The multifunction connector CN16 accommodates the front panel connectors for speaker LEDs keylock reset and turbo Figure 1 5 shows the CN16 pin assignments Figure 1 5 20 Pin Multifunction Connector CN16 1 10 User s Guide ...

Page 25: ...otal Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3 Slot 4 Slot 5 Slot 6 Memory 4 MB 4 MB 8 MB 4 MB 4 MB 4 MB 4 MB 16 MB 4 MB 4 MB 4 MB 4 MB 4 MB 4 MB 24 MB 8 MB 8 MB 16 MB 8 MB 8 MB 4 MB 4 MB 24 MB 8 MB 8 MB 4 MB 4 MB 4 MB 4 MB 32 MB 8 MB 8 MB 8 MB 8 MB 32 MB 8 MB 8 MB 8 MB 8 MB 4 MB 4 MB 40 MB 8 MB 8 MB 8 MB 8 MB 8 MB 8 MB 48 MB 16 MB 16 MB 32 MB 16 MB 16 MB 4 MB 4 MB 40 MB 16 MB 16 MB 4 MB 4 MB 4 MB 4 MB 48 MB 16 MB 16 ...

Page 26: ...2 MB 32 MB 8 MB 8 MB 4 MB 4 MB 88 MB 32 MB 32 MB 8 MB 8 MB 8 MB 8 MB 96 MB 32 MB 32 MB 16 MB 16 MB 96 MB 32 MB 32 MB 16 MB 16 MB 4 MB 4 MB 104 MB 32 MB 32 MB 16 MB 16 MB 8 MB 8 MB 112 MB 32 MB 32 MB 16 MB 16 MB 16 MB 16 MB 128 MB 32 MB 32 MB 32 MB 32 MB 128 MB 32 MB 32 MB 32 MB 32 MB 4 MB 4 MB 136 MB 32 MB 32 MB 32 MB 32 MB 8 MB 8 MB 144 MB 32 MB 32 MB 32 MB 32 MB 16 MB 16 MB 160 MB 32 MB 32 MB 32...

Page 27: ...of the socket A SIMM fits only in one direction If you slip in a SIMM but would not completely fit you may have inserted it the wrong way Reverse the orientation of the SIMM 2 Gently push the SIMM to a vertical position until the pegs of the socket slip into the holes on the SIMM and the holding clips lock the SIMM into position The SIMM should be at a 90 angle when installed Figure 1 6 Installing...

Page 28: ...oth sides of the SIMM outward to release it 2 Move the SIMM to a 45 angle 3 Pull the SIMM out of the socket Figure 1 7 Removing a SIMM 1 6 3 Reconfiguring the System The system automatically detects the amount of memory installed Run Setup to view the new value for total system memory and make a note of it 1 14 User s Guide 1 2 3 Holding Clip ...

Page 29: ...t The cache socket allows you to upgrade the second level cache to 512 KB See Figure 1 1 for the location of the 256 KB pipelined burst cache and the cache module socket Upgrading the cache memory improves system performance To upgrade simply insert the memory board into the cache socket Figure 1 8 Installing the Cache Module See section 1 9 for the post installation instructions System Board 1 15...

Page 30: ... Resources Assignment parameter to Yes to clear the resource data assigned to the PnP devices Refer to section 2 4 5 3 Install non PnP ISA cards 4 Turn on the system 5 Use Windows 95 or ICU to manually assign the appropriate IRQs to the cards This ensures that BIOS will not use the resources assigned to the non PnP ISA cards BIOS detects and configures only PnP cards 6 Turn off the system 7 Instal...

Page 31: ...tinue using the computer Note the message and take corrective action immediately This section describes the different types of error messages and suggests corrective measures There are two general types of error messages Software System 1 10 1 Software Error Messages Software error messages are returned by your operating system or application These messages typically appear after you boot the oper...

Page 32: ...or Check and modify DRAM configuration to agree with Table 1 7 Equipment Configuration Error Run Setup Hard Disk Controller Error Check and connect the cable to the hard disk drive or controller Hard Disk 0 Error Check all cable connections Check the hard disk and replace if necessary Hard Disk 1 Error Check all cable connections Check the hard disk and replace if necessary Hard Disk 0 Extended Ty...

Page 33: ... continue or Ctrl Alt Esc for Setup Press or Press Esc to turn off NMI any key to reboot Press to disregard NMI error Press any key to reboot the system Protected Mode Test Fail Contact your dealer RAM BIOS Error Contact your dealer Real Time Clock Error Run Setup Shadow RAM Fail Contact your dealer System Memory Address Error Check SIMMs on system board or contact your dealer 1 10 3 Correcting Er...

Page 34: ...sion boards are set correctly 3 If you cannot access a new disk it may be because your disk is not physically formatted Physically format the disk using the FDISK and FORMAT commands 4 Check that all connectors and boards are secure Consult the system housing installation guide for assistance If you follow the corrective steps above and still receive an error message the cause may be an equipment ...

Page 35: ...t part of the system RAM If you repeatedly receive Run Setup messages the battery may be bad In this case the system cannot retain configuration values in CMOS Ask a qualified technician for assistance Before running Setup have the following information ready Diskette drive type The standard type is either a 5 25 inch 1 2 MB or a 3 5 inch 1 44 MB diskette drive IDE hard disk drive type The drive i...

Page 36: ... Basic System Configuration Advanced System Configuration PnP PCI System Configuration Power Saving Configuration System Security Load Setup Default Settings Move Highlight Bar Select Esc Exit and Reboot The parameters on the screens show default values These values may not be the same as those in your system The grayed items denoted with asterisks on the screens have fixed settings and are not 2 ...

Page 37: ...user configurable BIOS Utility 2 3 ...

Page 38: ...uto xx xx xx IDE Drive 1 xxx MB Auto xx xx xx IDE Drive 2 Auto xx xx xx IDE Drive 3 Auto xx xx xx Total Memory 8 MB Move Highlight Bar Change Setting PgDn PgUp Move Screen F1 Help Esc Exit The command line at the bottom of the menu tells you how to highlight items change settings and move from one screen to another Press or on the cursor edit keypad to highlight the desired parameter Press or to s...

Page 39: ... Bar Change Setting PgDn PgUp Move Screen F1 Help Esc Exit The following sections explain the different parameters and their settings 2 2 1 Date and Time The real time clock keeps the system date and time After setting the date and time you need not enter them every time you turn on the system As long as the internal battery remains good approximately seven years and connected the clock continues ...

Page 40: ...cond 00 to 59 2 2 2 Diskette Drives To enter the configuration value for the first diskette drive drive A highlight the Diskette Drive A parameter Press or key to view the options and select the appropriate value Possible settings for the Diskette Drive parameters None 360 KB 5 25 inch 1 2 MB 5 25 inch 720 KB 3 5 inch 1 44 MB 3 5 inch 2 88 MB 3 5 inch Follow the same procedure for Diskette Drive B...

Page 41: ... performs self testing and self initialization before loading the operating system and applications the BIOS utility automatically determines your IDE drive type You can see the drive type and its values when you enter the BIOS Utility Cylinder Head Sector IDE Drive 0 xx MB Auto xx xx xx If desired you can save the values under the option User Cylinder Head Sector IDE Drive 0 xx MB User xx xx xx T...

Page 42: ...Follow the same procedure to auto configure other IDE drives 2 8 User s Guide ...

Page 43: ...figure an IDE hard disk with the User option 1 Highlight an IDE drive parameter 2 Select the option User and press 3 Type in the number of cylinders heads and sectors of the drive under the appropriate columns Be sure to have the correct IDE hard disk drive information beforehand 4 Choose Yes when asked if you want to save CMOS data 2 2 4 Total Memory The system automatically detects the total amo...

Page 44: ...our hard disk must support the advanced PIO mode If not set this parameter to Disabled Refer to your hard disk documentation for information about the advanced PIO mode Hard Disk Size 504 MB This enhanced IDE feature works only under DOS and Windows 3 x environments If enabled it allows you to use a hard disk with a capacity of more than 504 MB This is made possible through the Logical Block Addre...

Page 45: ...cts only the memory size and bypasses the test routine The default setting is Disabled 2 2 9 Quiet Boot This parameter enables or disables the quiet boot function When set to Enabled BIOS is in graphical mode and displays only an identification logo during POST and while booting After which the screen displays the operating system prompt such as DOS or logo such as Windows 95 If any error occurred...

Page 46: ...PU ID Pentium CPU Clock 200 MHz Math Coprocessor Installed IDE Drive 0 xxx MB IDE Drive 1 xxx MB IDE Drive 2 xxx MB IDE Drive 3 xxx MB Diskette Drive A xx MB xx inch Diskette Drive B None Serial Port s 3F8h 2F8h Parallel Port 378h Base Memory xxx KB Extended Memory xxxx KB Shadow RAM xxx KB Internal Cache xxx KB Enabled External Cache xxx KB Enabled Pointing Device None SIMM 1 2 Type Fast Page Mod...

Page 47: ...ernal Cache CPU Cache Enabled External Cache Enabled E0000h FFFFFh System BIOS Cacheable C0000h C7FFFh Video BIOS Cacheable USB Host Controller Disabled Move Highlight Bar Change Setting PgDn PgUp Move Screen F1 Help Esc Exit The following screen shows page two the Advanced System Configuration parameters Advanced System Configuration Page 2 2 Memory at 15MB 16MB Reserved for System Use DRAM Leado...

Page 48: ...irectly from the cache memory thus allowing your system to function faster Set this to Non cacheable to run the system BIOS from RAM The default is Cacheable 2 3 4 C0000h C7FFFh Video BIOS Set this parameter to Cacheable if you want the video BIOS to run directly from the cache memory thus allowing your system to function faster Set this to Non cacheable to run the video BIOS from RAM The default ...

Page 49: ...akes for the core logic chip to charge the RAS signal before issuance is called the RAS precharge time The time difference between the issuance of RAS and CAS signals is called the leadoff time The leadoff time varies for read write and RAS signal precharge actions Some DRAMs may even require a longer delay to access data This parameter allows you to set the leadoff time The available settings are...

Page 50: ... parameter also has four numbers to adjust Everytime the CPU reads a L2 cache miss it reads four continuous memory cycles on four continuous addresses from the DRAM cache The read burst timing varies for Extended Data Output EDO and Fast Page Mode FPM DRAMs The available settings are X 3 3 3 X 4 4 4 X 2 2 2 X 3 3 3 and X 4 4 4 X 4 4 4 The value of x depends on the DRAM Leadoff Timing parameter set...

Page 51: ...set Resources Assignment No Move Highlight Bar Change Setting PgDn PgUp Move Screen F1 Help Esc Exit 2 4 1 PCI IRQ Setting This parameter allows for Auto or Manual configuration of PCI devices If you use plug and play PnP devices you can keep the default setting Auto The system then automatically configures the PnP devices If your PCI device is not a PnP you can manually assign the interrupt for e...

Page 52: ...parameter permits you to use the palette snooping feature if you installed more than one VGA card in the system The VGA palette snoop function allows the control palette register CPR to manage and update the VGA RAM DAC Digital Analog Converter a color data storage of each VGA card installed in the system The snooping process lets the CPR send a signal to all the VGA cards so that they can update ...

Page 53: ...rating system is Windows 95 2 4 5 Reset Resources Assignment Set this parameter to Yes to avoid IRQ conflict when installing non PnP or PnP ISA cards This clears all resource assignments and allows BIOS to reassign resources to all installed PnP devices the next time the system boots After clearing the resource data the parameter resets to No Refer to section 1 8 for instructions on installing and...

Page 54: ...ng Configuration Page 1 1 Power Management Mode Enabled IDE Hard Disk Standby Timer 15 Minute s System Standby Timer 15 Minute s System Suspend Timer 15 Minute s Monitored Activities IRQ 3 Disabled IRQ 9 Disabled IRQ 4 Disabled IRQ 10 Disabled IRQ 5 Disabled IRQ 11 Disabled IRQ 6 Enabled IRQ 12 Enabled IRQ 7 Disabled IRQ 14 Enabled IRQ 8 Disabled IRQ 15 Disabled Move Highlight Bar Change Setting P...

Page 55: ...rameter to Off if your hard disk does not support this function System Standby Timer This parameter sets the system to a fast on power saving mode It automatically enters into the standby mode after a specified period of inactivity Any keyboard or mouse action or any enabled monitored activities occurring through the IRQ channels resume system operation See section 2 5 2 System Suspend Timer This ...

Page 56: ... monitor system activities occurring through the IRQ channels to determine whether or not to enter power saving mode For example if you assign IRQ 3 to a fax modem and you set this item to Enabled any fax modem activity wakes up the system from standby mode 2 22 User s Guide ...

Page 57: ...el Port Base Address 378 IRQ 7 Operation Mode Standard Parallel Port SPP Mode ECP DMA Channel Onboard PS 2 Mouse IRQ 12 Enabled Setup Password None Power On Password None Move Highlight Bar Change Setting PgDn PgUp Move Screen F1 Help Esc Exit 2 6 1 Disk Drive Control The disk drive control features allow you to enable or disable the read write functions of a disk drive These features can also con...

Page 58: ...tors Disables the write function on all sectors Write Protect Boot Sector Disables the write function only on the boot sector Disabled Disables all hard disk functions System Boot Drive Setting Description Drive A then C The system checks drive A first If there is a diskette in the drive the system boots from drive A Otherwise it boots from drive C Drive C then A The system checks drive C first If...

Page 59: ...ts from the drive specified in the System Boot Drive parameter 2 6 2 Onboard Communication Ports Serial Port 1 Base Address This parameter allows you to set the serial port 1 logical base address Table 2 2 Serial Port 1 Settings Setting Description 3F8h Serial port 1 with address 3F8h using IRQ4 2F8h Serial port 1 with address 2F8h using IRQ3 3E8h Serial port 1 with address 3E8h using IRQ4 2E8h Se...

Page 60: ... 1 you may only assign 2F8h or 2E8h to serial port 2 If you assign 2F8h to serial port 1 you may only assign 3F8h or 3E8h to serial port 2 Parallel Port Base Address The system has one parallel port Table 2 4 lists the options for selecting the parallel port address You also have the option to disable the parallel port Table 2 4 Parallel Port Settings Setting Function 3BCh IRQ 7 Corresponds to the...

Page 61: ...rallel Port Operation Mode Settings Setting Function Standard Parallel Port SPP Allows normal speed one way operation Standard and Bidirectional Allows normal speed operation in a two way mode Enhanced Parallel Port EPP Allows bidirectional parallel port operation at maximum speed Extended Capabilities Port ECP Allows parallel port to operate in bidirectional mode and at a speed higher than the ma...

Page 62: ...Setting a Password 1 Make sure that JP1 is set to pins 2 3 bypass password You cannot enter the BIOS utility if a Setup password does not exist and JP1 is set to pins 1 2 password check enabled By default JP1 is set to pins 2 3 bypass password 2 Enter BIOS utility and select System Security 3 Highlight the Setup Password parameter and press the or key The password prompt appears 4 Type a password ...

Page 63: ...the System Security screen and return to the main menu 8 Press to exit the BIOS utility A dialog box appears asking if you want to save the CMOS data 9 Select Yes to save the changes and reboot the system 10 While rebooting turn off the system then open the housing 11 Set JP1 to pins 1 2 to enable the password function The next time you want to enter the BIOS utility you must key in your Setup pas...

Page 64: ...n and return to the main menu 5 Press to exit the BIOS utility A dialog box appears asking if you want to save the CMOS data 6 Select Yes to save the changes Bypassing the Setup Password If you forget your setup password you can bypass the password security feature by hardware Follow these steps to bypass the password 1 Turn off and unplug the system 2 Open the system housing and short pins 2 3 of...

Page 65: ...rd secures your system against unauthorized use Once you set this password you have to type it whenever you boot the system To set this password enter the BIOS utility select System Security then highlight the Power On Password parameter Follow the same procedure as in setting the Setup password Make sure to set JP1 to 1 2 to enable the Power On password BIOS Utility 2 31 ...

Page 66: ...e default settings some of the parameters are grayed out with their fixed settings These grayed parameters are not user configurable The following dialog box appears when you select Load Setup Default Settings from the main menu Load Setup Default Settings Are you sure Yes No Select Yes to load the default settings 2 32 User s Guide ...

Page 67: ...wer or the CMOS chip is damaged you will know what values to enter when you rerun Setup Press to leave the system configuration setup If there is any change in the BIOS utility functions the following screen appears Do you want to save CMOS data Yes No Use the arrow keys to select your response Select Yes to store the new data in CMOS Select No to retain the old configuration values Press BIOS Uti...