Campbell EC150, Instruction Manual

Page 1: ...INSTRUCTION MANUAL EC150 CO2 H2O Open Path Gas Analyzer Revision 11 17 C o p y r i g h t 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 7 C a m p b e l l S c i e n t i f i c I n c ...

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Page 4: ...ner Campbell Scientific s shipping address is CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC CANADA CORP RMA _____ 14532 131 Avenue NW Edmonton Alberta T5L 4X4 Canada For all returns the client must fill out a Statement of Product Cleanliness and Decontamination form and comply with the requirements specified in it The form is available from our web site at www campbellsci ca repair A completed form must be either emailed t...

Page 5: ...e protection and take other appropriate safety precautions while working on or around tripods and towers Do not climb tripods or towers at any time and prohibit climbing by other persons Take reasonable precautions to secure tripod and tower sites from trespassers Use only manufacturer recommended parts materials and tools Utility and Electrical You can be killed or sustain serious bodily injury i...

Page 6: ...z ounce 28 35 g 1 lb pound weight 0 454 kg Pressure 1 psi lb in2 68 95 mb Volume 1 US gallon 3 785 litres In addition part ordering numbers may vary For example the CABLE5CBL is a CSI part number and known as a FIN5COND at Campbell Scientific Canada CSC CSC Technical Support will be pleased to assist with any questions About sensor wiring Please note that certain sensor configurations may require ...

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Page 8: ...cal Description 9 5 4 Power Requirements 10 6 Installation 10 6 1 Orientation 10 6 2 Mounting Analyzer to Support Hardware 11 6 2 1 Preparing the Mounting Structure 16 6 2 2 Mounting EC150 with Optional CSAT3A 16 6 2 3 Mounting EC150 without CSAT3A 19 6 2 4 Attaching EC100 Electronics Enclosure to Mounting Structure 20 6 2 5 Install the EC150 Temperature Probe 21 6 3 Wiring and Connections 22 6 3 ...

Page 9: ...ess A 2 A 2 2 Bandwidth A 2 A 2 3 Unprompted Output A 2 A 2 4 Unprompted Output Rate A 2 A 2 5 RS 485 Baud Rate A 3 A 2 6 Analog Output A 3 A 2 7 ECMon Update Rate A 3 A 2 8 Temperature Sensor A 3 A 2 9 Fixed Temperature Value A 3 A 2 10 Pressure Sensor A 4 A 2 10 1 Pressure Gain A 6 A 2 10 2 Pressure Offset A 6 A 2 10 3 Fixed Pressure Value A 6 A 2 11 Pressure Differential Enable A 6 A 2 12 Heate...

Page 10: ...th the original version CSAT3A serial numbers less than 2000 14 6 4 The most aft back mounting position of the EC150 relative to the CSAT3A resulting in a spatial separation of 9 7 cm The top images show the mounting with the current CSAT3A CSAT3A serial numbers greater than 2000 while the bottom images show the mounting with the original version CSAT3A serial numbers less than 2000 15 6 5 Explode...

Page 11: ...Main screen of ECMon A 8 A 5 Setup screen in ECMon A 8 B 1 Amplitude response of EC100 filter at various bandwidths B 1 B 2 Frequency response comparison of EC100 10 Hz bandwidth and a 50 msec moving average B 2 C 1 USB data output in terminal mode C 2 Tables 6 1 EC100 SDM Output 25 8 1 Rain Wick Replacement Parts 32 8 2 Diagnostic Flags of Sonic Status LED 36 8 3 Diagnostic Flags and Suggested Ac...

Page 12: ... Manual Application Note 3SM F PC CF Card Information LoggerNet Instruction Manual Version 4 1 CSAT3 Three Dimensional Sonic Anemometer Manual ENC10 12 ENC12 14 ENC14 16 ENC16 18 Instruction Manual CM106 Tripod Instruction Manual Tripod Installation Manual Models CM110 CM115 CM120 2 Precautions DANGER o The scrubber bottles in EC150 instruments shipped prior to July 2017 contain sodium hydroxide N...

Page 13: ...shipping document to verify the expected products and that the correct accessories are included 4 Overview 4 1 General The EC150 measures absolute densities of carbon dioxide and water vapor The EC150 analyzer was designed specifically for open path eddy covariance flux measurement systems The EC150 gas analyzer head connects directly to Campbell Scientific s EC100 electronics The EC150 is commonl...

Page 14: ...y calibration Chopper housing without thermal control results in significantly reduced power consumption Any CSAT3A with serial numbers of 2000 or greater have an updated design with more rigid geometry for improved sonic temperature accuracy and stability and with a more stream lined aerodynamic mounting block 4 3 Gas Head Memory The EC100 electronics see Section 4 6 EC100 Electronics Module p 4 ...

Page 15: ... 485 and Synchronous Device for Measurement SDM SDM is a Campbell Scientific communication protocol that allows synchronized measurement and rapid communication between a Campbell Scientific datalogger and multiple devices including the EC150 Although nearly all Campbell Scientific dataloggers support SDM only the CR6 CR1000X CR1000 CR3000 and CR5000 dataloggers support communications with the EC1...

Page 16: ...om the datalogger for example a prompted output mode The number of data values sent from the EC100 to the datalogger is also set by the user in the datalogger program CRBasic the programming language used by Campbell Scientific dataloggers uses the EC100 instruction to get data from an EC150 This instruction is explained in greater detail under Appendix A EC150 Settings p A 1 and in Appendix A 5 E...

Page 17: ...ristic frequencies A mercury cadmium telluride MCT detector in the lower arm of the gas analyzer measures the decrease in radiation intensity due to absorption which can then be related to analyte concentration using the Beer Lambert Law cl oe P P ε where P irradiance after passing through the optical path Po initial irradiance ε is molar absorptivity c is analyte concentration and l path length I...

Page 18: ...bon dioxide and water vapor fluxes using the eddy covariance method the EC150 and a sonic anemometer measure Absolute carbon dioxide density mg m 3 Water vapor density g m 3 Three dimensional wind speed m s 1 requires the CSAT3A Sonic air temperature C requires the CSAT3A Air temperature C requires an auxiliary temperature probe Barometric pressure kPa requires an auxiliary barometer These measure...

Page 19: ...O 1 1 x 10 4 µmol CO2 mol 1 H2O max H2O performance Zero max drift4 0 04 g m 3 C 1 0 05 mmol mol 1 C 1 Gain drift 0 3 of reading C 1 maximum Sensitivity to CO2 0 1 mol H2O mol 1 CO2 maximum CSAT3A sonic measurement precision5 ux 1 0 mm s 1 uy 1 0 mm s 1 uz 0 5 mm s 1 Sonic temperature 0 025 C CSAT3A sonic accuracy6 Offset error ux uy 8 cm s 1 uz 4 cm s 1 Gain error Wind vector 5 horizontal 2 of re...

Page 20: ...85 USB Analog out Synchronous Device for Measurement communications protocol or SDM is a proprietary serial interface developed by Campbell Scientific for communication between a datalogger and a peripheral or sensor In almost all cases SDM is the preferred communications protocol with the exception of measurement heights requiring cable lengths greater than 100 meters In this case RS 485 output i...

Page 21: ...uding CSAT3A 5 0 W Power at 25 C in power down mode CSAT3A fully powered and EC150 off 3 0 W 6 Installation 6 1 Orientation During operation the EC150 should be positioned vertically 15 so that the product label reads right side up and the upper arm source is directly above the lower arm detector If the sensor is being used with a sonic anemometer the anemometer should be leveled and pointed into ...

Page 22: ...ly mounting bracket pn 26785 the EC150 CSAT3A mounting bracket pn 26786 that was shipped with any CSAT3A with a serial number of less than 2000 and a new EC150 CSAT3A mounting bracket pn 32065 that ships with any CSAT3A with a serial number of 2000 or greater The three mounting brackets are shown in FIGURE 6 1 The CSAT3A sonic anemometer head is an option when ordering the EC150 and the appropriat...

Page 23: ...tioning allows a small but significant difference in the flux attenuation ratio The position of the EC150 relative to the CSAT3A should be determined by the end user based on the measurement of interest For applications where spatial separation is of most importance such as when the instrument is close to the ground moving the EC150 in the most forward direction will yield the most collocated arra...

Page 24: ...3 help determine the best positioning of the EC150 relative to the CSAT3A in scenarios where the measurement height is below 10 meters FIGURE 6 2 Changes in flux attenuation ratio relative to sensor height at the most fore and aft positions ...

Page 25: ...he EC150 relative to the CSAT3A resulting in a 4 9 cm sensor separation The top images show the mounting with the current CSAT3A CSAT3A serial numbers greater than 2000 while the bottom images show the mounting with the original version CSAT3A serial numbers less than 2000 pn 32065 pn 26786 ...

Page 26: ...paration of 9 7 cm The top images show the mounting with the current CSAT3A CSAT3A serial numbers greater than 2000 while the bottom images show the mounting with the original version CSAT3A serial numbers less than 2000 The following steps describe the normal mounting procedure Refer to FIGURE 6 6 and 6 7 throughout this section pn 32065 pn 26786 ...

Page 27: ...he proper mounting bracket according to the CSAT3A serial number If using a CSAT3A with current design serial numbers 2000 and greater attach the EC150 CSAT3A mounting bracket pn 32065 see FIGURE 6 1 to the CSAT3A using the three included screws and then bolt the CM250 leveling mount pn 26559 to the threaded hole of the CSAT3A sensor block If using a CSAT3A with original design serial numbers less...

Page 28: ...upper arm source is directly above the lower arm detector 9 If the assembly is not level slightly loosen the bolt that holds the mounting bracket on the leveling mount and adjust the assembly until the leveling bubble on the top of the CSAT3A head is within the bullseye Retighten the bolt FIGURE 6 5 Exploded view of mounting CSAT3A and EC150 with mounting bracket 32065 for CSAT3A with serial numbe...

Page 29: ...IGURE 6 6 Exploded view of mounting CSAT3A and EC150 with mounting bracket 26786 for CSAT3A with serial numbers less than 2000 CSAT3A Sonic Head EC150 CSAT3A Mounting Bracket pn 26786 EC150 Gas Analyzer Head CM20X Crossarm CM250 Leveling Mount ...

Page 30: ...nting Analyzer to Support Hardware p 11 1 Bolt the EC150 head only mounting bracket pn 26785 see FIGURE 6 1 to the CM250 leveling mount pn 26559 2 Mount the EC150 gas analyzer head to the EC150 head only mounting bracket using the bolt and set screw included with the bracket 3 Mount this assembly to the end of the crossarm by fitting the leveling mount over the end of the crossarm 4 Tighten the se...

Page 31: ...re by loosely tightening the u bolts around the pipe The u bolts are found in the mesh pocket inside the EC100 enclosure 2 For configurations in which the pipe is not vertical such as a tripod leg as in FIGURE 6 8 rotate the bracket to the side of the pipe so that when the enclosure is attached it will hang vertically upright Make any necessary angle adjustments by loosening the four nuts and rota...

Page 32: ... the enclosure 6 Adhere the humidity indicator card to the inside of the door of the enclosure 6 2 5 Install the EC150 Temperature Probe The temperature probe should be mounted such that it measures at the same height as the sample volume of the EC150 and the CSAT3A 1 Attach the R M Young 41303 5A 6 plate solar radiation shield pn 4020 to the mast with the included u bolt 2 Insert the end of the t...

Page 33: ...e 6 3 Wiring and Connections FIGURES 6 12 and 6 13 show EC100 electronics panel and the bottom of the EC100 enclosure respectively Refer to these figures during the wiring and connecting of the various auxiliary sensors FIGURE 6 12 EC100 electronics front panel showing EC100 as shipped left and after completed wiring and connections right ...

Page 34: ...hten the thumbscrews see FIGURE 6 13 The EC150 gas analyzer cable is approximately 3 0 m 10 0 ft in length 6 3 2 Connect the CSAT3A Sonic Head Skip the following two steps if not using a CSAT3A 1 Similar to connecting the gas analyzer head remove the black rubber cable entry plug found on the bottom left of the EC100 enclosure 2 Insert the cable entry plug on the CSAT3A cable into the slot and con...

Page 35: ...ement accuracy Do not connect or disconnect the EC150 gas analyzer head or CSAT3 sonic head once the EC100 is powered 6 3 5 Connect SDM Communications to the EC100 The EC150 supports SDM communications with datalogger SDM is the preferred communications to the EC100 RS 485 may be necessary in some situations The USB is used mainly for diagnostic and trouble shooting Connection instructions for the...

Page 36: ... sonic acquires the ultrasonic signals The sonic and gas LEDs will turn green if there are no diagnostic warning flags Three green LEDs indicate that the instrument is ready to make measurements The EC150 power up sequence takes under two minutes to complete During power up the gas LED will be orange If after two minutes the gas LED turns green power up sequence has been completed successfully If ...

Page 37: ...second is the EC100Configure which receives and sends configuration settings With programs such as EasyFlux DL there is little need for the user to become well versed in the CRBasic language and the instructions required for communicating with the EC100 In those cases in which it is needed or desired the Campbell Scientific website has several tutorials and guidance for learning the CRBasic langua...

Page 38: ...nces it is recommended that the user attempt to perform a zero of the instrument even if spanning is not possible or inconvenient The information gained through zeroing the instrument can help troubleshoot problems that may be encountered during field operations The water vapor measurement is used in the CO2 concentration calculations to correct instrument and pressure broadening effects To achiev...

Page 39: ...nout c Continue twisting the shroud until it is fully extended and covering both snouts d Twist the shroud so that the gas lines and temperature thermistor cable are directed towards the back of the sensor e Hang the lines and cable over the trunk of the sensor to alleviate any strain on the optical arms See FIGURE 7 1 FIGURE 7 1 Zero and span shroud mounted on the zero and span stand 5 Disconnect...

Page 40: ...ld be near the concentration of CO2 being measured in the field 12 Beginning with both the pressure regulator and flow controller turned off use the pressure regulator to slowly increase pressure to the recommended setting for the flow controller 13 Set the flow between 0 2 and 0 4 LPM 14 Monitor the ECMon zero and span graph and wait for the CO2 measurement readings to stabilize 5 to 10 minutes O...

Page 41: ...ality of a zero gas is unknown or suspect a desiccant and CO2 scrubber should be added between the zero gas tank and the shroud to confirm that the gas being sampled during the zero procedure is actually a zero air source 17 Along with recording the CO2 and H2O zero and span values also record the date and time and temperature With this information the user can examine zero span drift with time an...

Page 42: ...span procedure is now complete Remove the shroud reconnect the EC150 temperature probe and prepare the site for normal operation Verify that readings from the instrument are reasonable Record the zero and span coefficients for future reference and to keep track of the rate of the analyzer drift Make sure that the coefficients are between 0 9 and 1 1 Negative or numbers larger than 1 1 are usually ...

Page 43: ...acement Parts Wick Campbell Scientific Inc Part Number Campbell Scientific Inc Description Bottom wick 28652 Fab EC150 IRGASON rain wick bottom Top wick 28653 Fab EC150 IRGASON rain wick top The top wick has a short seam which must be aligned with the short side of the top snout The angled edge of the wick must closely follow the edge of the window without encroaching on the optical path See FIGUR...

Page 44: ... many of the issues a user may encounter Along with being a valuable troubleshooting method a zero and span procedure should be performed as routine maintenance even when the EC150 is producing expected results Campbell Scientific recommends that a zero and span procedure be performed at least every six months but may be required more frequently depending on conditions Performing frequent zero and...

Page 45: ...uts of the analyzer see FIGURE 8 2 Before opening the covers have the chemical bottles ready so that the time the internal volume of the analyzer is exposed to the environment is minimized 3 Screw the covers back on the arms Do not overtighten 4 Allow the sensor to equilibrate for at least 24 hours longer if in high humidity 5 After 24 hours perform a zero and span procedure If readings continue t...

Page 46: ...oth cleaning the windows and a subsequent zero and span procedure contact Campbell Scientific Contact Campbell Scientific to help determine if the instrument should be returned to Campbell Scientific for a factory recalibration For the CSAT3A refer to the CSAT3 instruction manual for information on recalibration 8 7 Troubleshooting 8 7 1 Data Loss During Precipitation Events In extremely humid env...

Page 47: ...te gage and does not cause excessive voltage drop SONIC Status LED The SONIC status LED will turn red if there is no CSAT3A connected to the EC100 electronics or if any of the six sonic diagnostic flags are set Please refer to TABLE 8 2 and to the CSAT3A instruction manual for more detail information on sonic diagnostic flags TABLE 8 2 Diagnostic Flags of Sonic Status LED Diagnostic Flag Flag Name...

Page 48: ...flag BAD_DATA or flag 0 that is set when measurements are compromised If any of the remaining 22 flags are set the master flag BAD_DATA is set as well so that the user can filter data based on this flag only When this flag is set more detailed information about the nature of the problem can be obtained from the 22 slave flags When a flag is set due to improper configuration of the analyzer inadequ...

Page 49: ...peripheral sensors are made properly When this flag is set the GAS status LED turns orange WARNING Power off the EC100 electronics before disconnecting the gas analyzer 3 Motor Speed Set when the motor speed is outside the prescribed limits It may occasionally be set for short periods of time 10 to 15 seconds but if it persists the user should consult with Campbell Scientific 4 TEC Temperature Set...

Page 50: ...nchronization Set when sampling errors are detected Sampling errors are most often caused by strong electromagnetic interference If the flag persists consult with Campbell Scientific 10 Ambient Temperature Set when the ambient temperature is below 30 C or above 55 C or when the air temperature sensor is not connected If the user enters a fixed temperature this temperature must be within the range ...

Page 51: ...the H2O reference signal are detected If it persists consult with Campbell Scientific 18 CO2 Signal Strength Set if the ratio of the CO2 measurement and the CO2 reference signals are outside prescribed limits It can be turned on when the measurement path is obstructed by insects dust precipitation condensation etc If it persists consult with Campbell Scientific 19 H2O Signal Strength Set if the ra...

Page 52: ... Unprompted Output disabled RS 485 Baud Rate 115200 bp Unprompted Output Rate 10 Hz Analog Output disabled ECMon Update Rate 10 Hz Temperature Sensor Auto select EC150 Temperature Probe Pressure Sensor EC100 Basic or EC100 Enhanced depends on initial order configuration Pressure Differential Enable Auto Select Disabled for EC150 Heater Control Disabled A 2 Details This section gives an explanation...

Page 53: ...andwidth should be set to the Nyquist frequency which is half the datalogger sample rate for SDM output or half the unprompted output rate for USB and RS 485 output This ensures that the data will not be under sampled and that higher frequency variations will not be aliased to lower frequencies If too small a bandwidth is selected high frequency fluxes will be filtered The Bandwidth setting is sto...

Page 54: ...non volatile memory of the EC100 electronics A 2 8 Temperature Sensor The Temperature Sensor setting configures the EC100 electronics to work with either an EC150 open path gas analyzer or an EC155 closed path gas analyzer The EC150 measures ambient air temperature using a thermistor probe mounted in the solar radiation shield see Section 6 3 3 Connect the EC150 Temperature Probe p 24 With the Aut...

Page 55: ... Campbell s gas analyzers and is referred to as the enhanced barometer The enhanced barometer is installed in the factory when specified at the time of order It will come mounted on the top wall of the EC100 environmental enclosure towards the left as shown in FIGURE A 2 The enhanced barometer can provide greater accuracy in certain environmental conditions that cannot be achieved with the standar...

Page 56: ...Appendix A EC150 Settings A 5 FIGURE A 2 Location of EC100 enhanced barometer FIGURE A 3 Comparison of error in basic versus enhanced barometer over operational temperatures ...

Page 57: ...Pressure Gain This setting is not used unless the Pressure Sensor is set to User Supplied Then this setting gives the gain factor kPa V used to convert measured voltage to pressure If the Pressure Sensor is set to EC100 Basic or EC100 Enhanced this setting is not used The Pressure Gain setting is stored in non volatile memory of the EC100 A 2 10 2 Pressure Offset This setting is not used unless th...

Page 58: ...dows PC support software ECMon short for Eddy Covariance Monitor which is found at www campbellsci com downloads Before connecting the EC100 to the computer install the USB driver through Device Configuration Utility available at www campbellsci com downloads Select the EC100 device type and click Install USB Driver Once the driver is installed download and run the ECMon exe install file Launch EC...

Page 59: ...Appendix A EC150 Settings A 8 FIGURE A 4 Main screen of ECMon FIGURE A 5 Setup screen in ECMon ...

Page 60: ...ne mode the datalogger will execute the instruction from the processing task This functionality allows the instruction to be placed in conditional statements Execution from processing also introduces ramifications when attempting to execute the EC100Configure instruction while other SDM instructions are executing in pipeline mode This instruction locks the SDM port during the duration of its execu...

Page 61: ...150 to configure Valid SDM addresses are 0 through 14 Address 15 is reserved for the SDMTrigger instruction ConfigCmd is a variable that indicates whether to get or set a setting The options are listed in TABLE A 2 DestSource is a variable that will contain the value to read when getting a setting or that will contain the value to send when writing a setting to the EC150 TABLE A 2 ConfigCmd Values...

Page 62: ...t 8 108 Fixed Temperature Value 9 109 Unprompted Output Mode 0 Disable 1 USB 2 RS 485 10 110 RS 485 Baud Rate 11 111 Span Zero Control 0 Inactive 1 Zero 2 Span CO2 3 Span H2O See Appendix A 5 1 ConfigCmd 11 Zero and Span Control p A 12 12 112 CO2 Span Concentration 13 113 H2O Span Dewpoint Temperature 14 114 CO2 Zero 15 115 CO2 Span 16 116 H2O Zero 17 117 H2O Span 18 or 218 118 Heater Voltage 0 to...

Page 63: ... setting is written as 3 ConfigCmds 14 through 17 automatically store the results of the zero and span procedure Each result is a coefficient used in the gas analyzer s algorithms for calculating gas concentrations A 6 Example CRBasic Program CR3000 Series Datalogger Public sonic_irga 12 Alias sonic_irga 1 Ux Alias sonic_irga 2 Uy Alias sonic_irga 3 Uz Alias sonic_irga 4 Ts Alias sonic_irga 5 diag...

Page 64: ...user selectable low pass filter is applied The available filter bandwidths are 5 10 12 5 20 and 25 Hz FIGURE B 1 shows the amplitude response of these filters The EC100 filters provide a flat pass band a steep transition from pass band to stop band and a well attenuated stop band FIGURE B 2 compares the EC100 10 Hz filter to a 50 ms moving average filter with approximately the same bandwidth FIGUR...

Page 65: ...axes the need for the ideal bandwidth The time averaged typically thirty minutes covariance calculations inherently reduce noise and second aliasing does not degrade the accuracy of covariance calculations The factory default for the EC100 bandwidth 20 Hz is rather wide to preserve the signal variations that transport flux The default bandwidth is suitable for most flux applications Additional ban...

Page 66: ...C100 filter delay The EC100 measures the gas and wind data at 150 Hz and the 150 Hz data are down sampled to the datalogger s scan rate through SDM communications see Section 4 6 2 EC100 Outputs p 5 This process synchronizes the EC100 gas and wind data with other signals measured by the datalogger to within 3 33 ms plus or minus one half of the inverse of 150 Hz Alternately when sending data to a ...

Page 67: ...Appendix B Filter Bandwidth and Time Delay B 4 ...

Page 68: ...e RS 485 output is recommended over SDM for sending data to a datalogger if the cable length exceeds 100 meters To use USB or RS 485 output connect a USB pn 26563 or RS 485 pn 26987 cable from the EC100 to the receiving device see Section 6 3 Wiring and Connections p 22 and configure the settings The Unprompted Output parameter must be set to USB or RS 485 If RS 485 is selected the RS 485 Baud Rat...

Page 69: ...ed to identify transmission errors similar to a Cyclic Redundancy Check CRC The signature is a four character hexadecimal value that is a function of the specific sequence and number of bytes in the output array To check for transmission errors the recording device such as a PC or datalogger calculates its own signature using each transmitted byte until encountering the transmitted signature The c...

Page 70: ...ll scale range 2 to 41 g m 3 C 2 2 Detailed Information Although digital outputs are generally preferred analog outputs are available on the EC100 for compatibility with simple recording devices that cannot use the digital outputs Analog outputs are subject to additional noise and digitization errors Digital outputs include additional diagnostic data to assist with data quality assessment and trou...

Page 71: ...Appendix C Alternate EC100 Outputs C 4 TABLE C 2 Multipliers and Offsets for Analog Outputs Density mg m 3 Voltage Output Multiplier mg m 3 V 1 Offset mg m 3 CO2 386 32 102 59 H2O 8 65 2 26 ...

Page 72: ...ng ratio concentration relative to dry air mmol mol 1 c M Molecular weight of CO2 44 mg mmol 1 d M Molecular weight of dry air 0 029 g mmol 1 v M Molecular weight of H2O 0 018 g mmol 1 P Ambient pressure kPa R Universal gas constant 8 3143 10 6 kPa m3 K 1 mmol 1 T Ambient temperature C e Vapor pressure kPa f Enhancement factor Arbitrary d T Dewpoint temperature C tmp d T _ Temporary variable for d...

Page 73: ...p d X f P X ln T 1000 61121 0 _ D 7 2 9 5 10 9 5 10 2 3 00072 1 PT P f D 8 Water Vapor Molar Mixing Ratio from Dew Point 1000 e P e X v D 9 d d T T EXP f e 97 240 502 17 61121 0 D 10 Water Vapor Mass Density from Dew Point d d v T T EXP T R f 97 240 502 17 15 273 61121 0 018 0 ρ D 11 Vapor Pressure from Molar Mixing Ratio and Water Vapor Density v v X P X e 1000 D 12 v v M T R e 15 273 ρ D 13 ...

Page 74: ...isited Handbook of Micrometeorology 29 119 132 Equations D 3 D 4 D 5 D 7 D 9 and D 13 were derived from Bolton D 1980 The Computation of Equivalent Potential Temperature Monthly Weather Review 108 1046 1053 Equations D 6 D 8 D 10 and D 11 were derived from Buck A L 1981 New Equations for Computing Vapor Pressure and Enhancement Factor Journal of Applied Meteorology 20 1528 1532 ...

Page 75: ...Appendix D Useful Equations D 4 ...

Page 76: ...E 1 Appendix E Safety Data Sheets SDS E 1 Molecular Sieve Type 13X ...

Page 77: ...Appendix E Safety Data Sheets SDS E 2 ...

Page 78: ...Appendix E Safety Data Sheets SDS E 3 ...

Page 79: ...Appendix E Safety Data Sheets SDS E 4 ...

Page 80: ...Appendix E Safety Data Sheets SDS E 5 E 1 Magnesium Perchlorate ...

Page 81: ...Appendix E Safety Data Sheets SDS E 6 ...

Page 82: ...Appendix E Safety Data Sheets SDS E 7 ...

Page 83: ...Appendix E Safety Data Sheets SDS E 8 ...

Page 84: ...Appendix E Safety Data Sheets SDS E 9 ...

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Page 87: ...Appendix E Safety Data Sheets SDS E 12 E 2 Decarbite ...

Page 88: ...Appendix E Safety Data Sheets SDS E 13 ...

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Page 92: ...F 1 Appendix F Packing Information F 1 EC150 GH Packing Information ...

Page 93: ...Appendix F Packing Information F 2 F 2 EC150 SH Packing Information ...

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