9
Product Manual - Orca
™
CO
2
Series MicroBulk Delivery System
Theory of Operation
Although the Orca CO
2
Series system can have pressure
or pump delivery options, all units have the same general
functional operating characteristics They have the ability to
be filled with liquid CO
2
and deliver that product to the end
customer safely and efficiently.
Terminology of Cryogenics
Cryogenic
A product retaining a temperature of -238°F (-150°C) or
colder. Orca delivery systems maintain gases efficiently in a
cryogenic liquid state. Gases can be most efficiently stored
as liquids. Gases may be liquefied by compression or cooling
them until they liquefy In order to be maintained in a liquid
state, each gas must be kept at or below their respective
boiling temperatures
Though liquid CO
2
is very cold, it cannot exist below
-69 9°F While it is technically not a cryogen, it is to be
handled as such
Cryogenic Temperatures
The Orca CO
2
Series delivery systems employ near-
cryogenic temperatures to store the product in its liquid
state CO
2
can exist as a liquid down to -69 9°F (60 4 psig
saturation) Below that, CO
2
becomes solid CO
2
is typically
transported and stored above -20°F (200 psig saturation)
States of Matter
Matter can exist as a gas, liquid, or a solid Two phase liquid
is a liquid with gas bubbles or slugs of gas due to lack of
pressure (subcool) to maintain equilibrium Gas and liquid
can exist at a range of temperatures
Saturation
Defined as the point at which liquid and vapor coexist at the
same pressure and temperature
Liquid density, temperature, and equilibrium pressure change
with the saturation condition of the liquid Saturation can
also be described as an energy state Liquid molecules at a
higher energy state (warmer) take up more space, which is
often referred to as liquid growth
Equilibrium
In a closed vessel the gas and liquid temperatures are the
same. If there is a temperature difference between the gas
and liquid (with the tank closed), the gas and liquid will
change their temperatures until they are equal In stationary
tanks, stratification can take place, creating a temperature
gradient across the liquid and vapor However, the
temperature at the liquid-vapor interface is the same for both
Saturation Pressure
Pressure (usually in psig) that is used to describe the current
saturation condition of a liquid and gas within a closed
container
Subcool
Raising the vapor space pressure above the current boiling
pressure of a saturated liquid is called subcool This
contributes to the Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) to the
pump The higher the subcool, the less susceptible the liquid
will be to two-phase flow and pump cavitation.
Two-Phase Liquid
The mix of liquid and gas due to the pressure dropping
below the saturation pressure of the liquid caused by the
lack of proper subcool This can damage the pump and cause
meter inaccuracy
Cavitation
Defined as the formation of vapor bubbles in a liquid, it
manifests as partial or full loss of pump prime due to the lack
of proper subcool. The pressure of the liquid flowing to the
pump has dropped below the saturation pressure Audible
changes in the pump often are an indication of partial loss
of prime The pump will stop pumping during full loss of
prime Cryogenic pumps will be damaged by cavitation
Some CO
2
pumps can handle small amounts of cavitation,
however, cavitation should always be avoided
Introduction
Summary of Contents for Orca MicroBulk CO2 Series
Page 2: ......
Page 13: ...Safety 7 Product Manual Orca CO2 Series MicroBulk Delivery System...
Page 14: ...8 Safety Product Manual Orca CO2 Series MicroBulk Delivery System...
Page 28: ...22 Operations Product Manual Orca CO2 Series MicroBulk Delivery System...
Page 42: ...36 Components Systems Product Manual Orca CO2 Series MicroBulk Delivery System...
Page 48: ...42 Troubleshooting Product Manual Orca CO2 Series MicroBulk Delivery System...
Page 54: ...48 Specifications Product Manual Orca CO2 Series MicroBulk Delivery System Piping Schematic...
Page 55: ...49 Specifications Product Manual Orca CO2 Series MicroBulk Delivery System Nomenclature...
Page 62: ...Product Manual Orca CO2 Series MicroBulk Delivery System...
