Hercules-EBX CPU User Manual V1.02
Page 87
13. DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG OUTPUT RANGES AND RESOLUTION
13.1 Description
Hercules-EBX uses a 4-channel 12-bit D/A converter (DAC) to provide 4 analog outputs. A 12-bit
DAC can generate output voltages with the precision of a 12-bit binary number. The maximum
value of a 12-bit binary number is 2
12
- 1, or 4095, so the full range of numerical values that the
DACs support is 0 - 4095. The value 0 always corresponds to the lowest voltage in the output
range, and the value 4095 always corresponds to the highest voltage minus 1 LSB (the
theoretical top end of the range corresponds to an output code of 4096 which is impossible to
achieve).
⇒
Note:
In this manual, the terms analog output, D/A, and DAC are all used interchangeably to
mean the conversion of digital data originating from the Hercules-EBX computer hardware to an
analog signal terminating at an external source.
13.2 Resolution
The
resolution
is the smallest possible change in output voltage. For a 12-bit DAC the resolution
is 1/(2
12
), or 1/4096, of the full-scale output range. This smallest change results from an increase
or decrease of 1 in the D/A code, and so this change is referred to as 1 LSB, or 1 least significant
bit. The value of this LSB is calculated as follows:
1 LSB = Output voltage range / 4096
Example:
Output range = 0-10V;
Output voltage range = 10V – 0V = 10V
1 LSB = 10V / 4096 = 2.44mV
Example:
Output range =
±
10V;
Output voltage range = 10V – (-10V) = 20V
1 LSB = 20V / 4096 = 4.88mV
13.3 Output Range Selection
The Analog Configuration Register located at Page 0: Base +1 is used to select the DAC output
range. See page 63 for configuration data. The DACs can be configured for 0-10V or
±
10V.
