e-Line Technology HDCVI Series, User Manual

Page 1: ...HDCVI Series DVR User s Manual Version 1 0 0...

Page 2: ...ual is designed to be a reference tool for the installation and operation of your system Here you can find information about the HDCVI DVR features and functions as well as a detailed menu tree Before...

Page 3: ...needed All the examination and repair work should be done by qualified service engineers We are not liable for any problems caused by unauthorized modifications or attempted repair 5 Environment The D...

Page 4: ...FAQ 126 Appendix A HDD Capacity Calculation 132 Appendix B Compatible Backup Device List 133 Appendix C Compatible CD DVD Device List 139 Appendix D Compatible Displayer List 139 Appendix E Compatible...

Page 5: ...ch as banking telecommunication electric power interrogation transportation intelligent resident zone factory warehouse resources and water conservancy 1 2 Features Real time monitoring It has analog...

Page 6: ...nd can also connect to PC COM to upgrade system and realize maintenance and matrix control Standard Ethernet port can realize network access function PTZ control Support PTZ decoder via RS485 Support...

Page 7: ...crews of the upper cover and side panel 2 Fix four screws in the HDD 3 Place the HDD in accordance with the four holes in the bottom 4 Turn the device upside down and then turn the screws in firmly 5...

Page 8: ...the following sheet for detailed information SN Name SN Name SN NAME 1 Video input 2 Audio output 3 Audio input 4 Video VGA output 5 HDMI port 6 USB port 7 Network port 8 RS 485 input port 9 Power soc...

Page 9: ...y from high tension current 2 4 2 Audio Output The audio output signal parameter is usually over 200mv 1K BNC or RCA It can directly connect to low impedance earphone active sound box or amplifier dri...

Page 10: ...up please make sure The rated input voltage matches the device power on off button Please make sure the power Wire connection is OK Then click the power on off button Always use the stable current if...

Page 11: ...such as one year to guarantee system time accuracy Contact local retailer Note Before replacement please save the system setup otherwise you may lose the data completely 3 1 2 Startup Wizard After de...

Page 12: ...leted When there is no login user hidden user default automatically login You can set some rights such as monitor for this user so that you can view some channel view without login Note For security r...

Page 13: ...middle button to switch window split amount Preview Control The preview control function has the following features Support preview playback In the preview desktop system can playback previous 5 60 mi...

Page 14: ...current channel to the USB device System can not backup the video of multiple channel at the same time Click button system begins recording Click it again system stops recording You can find the recor...

Page 15: ...corresponding PTZ protocol such as PELCOD Address Input corresponding PTZ address Baud rate Select baud rate Data bit Select data bit Default value is 8 Stop bit Select stop bit Default value is 1 Pa...

Page 16: ...uttons on the front panel there are only four directions up down left right Here is a sheet for you reference Name Function key function Shortcut key Function key function Shortcut Key Zoom Near Far F...

Page 17: ...esets to the tour Click Del preset button to remove it from the tour Please note some protocols do not support delete preset function Pattern Setup Click Pattern button and input pattern number Click...

Page 18: ...e edge is and vice versa Please note there is noise if the value here is too high The default value is 50 and the recommended value ranges from 40 to 60 Brightness It is to adjust monitor window brigh...

Page 19: ...can select to play from the read write HDD from peripheral device or from redundancy HDD Important Redundancy HDD does not support picture backup function but it supports picture playback function You...

Page 20: ...nce the motion detect play has begun click button again will terminate current motion detect file play There is no motion detect zone by default If you select to play other file in the file list syste...

Page 21: ...The multiple channel click operation is similar with the one channel operation Please note System max supports 1024 files backup at the same time You can not operate clip operation if there is any fi...

Page 22: ...ith 0 o clock when you are setting the configuration The time bar zooms in the period of the current playback time when you are playing the file The green color stands for the regular record file The...

Page 23: ...ow 3 3 2 Record Record Note You need to have proper rights to implement the following operations Please make sure the HDD shave been properly installed After the system booted up it is in default 24 h...

Page 24: ...e The value ranges from 1 to 30 seconds depending on the bit stream Redundancy System supports redundancy backup function You can highlight Redundancy button to activate this function Please note befo...

Page 25: ...use Fn or cancel button to delete after file serial number Click Start button system begins copy At the same time the backup button becomes stop button You can view the remaining time and process bar...

Page 26: ...Motion Detect After analysis video system can generate a video loss alarm when the detected moving signal reached the sensitivity you set here Event type From the dropdown list you can select motion d...

Page 27: ...ime as 10 second you can see the each activation may last 10sif the local alarm is activated During the process if system detects another local alarm signal at the fifth second the buzzer tour PTZ act...

Page 28: ...to alert you when an alarm occurs Record channel System auto activates motion detection channel s to record once an alarm occurs Please make sure you have set MD record in Schedule interface Main Men...

Page 29: ...t to test current motion detect setup do not need to save Click Select button after Please highlight icon to select the corresponding function After all the setups please click save button system goes...

Page 30: ...ee the interface is shown This function allows you to be informed when video loss phenomenon occurred You can enable alarm output channel and the n enable show message function Tips You can enable pre...

Page 31: ...tion operation when video loss occurs Please refer to chapter 4 10 3 1 1 motion detection for detailed information Note In Detect interface copy paste function is only valid for the same type which me...

Page 32: ...rent working HDD is overwritten or the current HDD is full while the next HDD is no empty then system stops recording If the current HDD is full and then next HDD is not empty then system overwrites t...

Page 33: ...etting corresponding week setup or by setting corresponding date setup NTP It is to set NTP server information Holiday Holiday setup interface is shown as in Figure 4 100 Click Add new holiday button...

Page 34: ...verlay parameter and etc Channel Select the channel you want Type Please select from the dropdown list There are three options regular motion detect alarm You can set the various encode parameters for...

Page 35: ...channel Preview monitor privacy mask has two types Preview and Monitor Preview means the privacy mask zone can not be viewed by user when system is in preview status Monitor means the privacy mask zon...

Page 36: ...de you need to set snapshot frequency If you set trigger snapshot you need to set snapshot activation Operation Image size Here you can set snapshot picture size Image quality Here you can set snapsho...

Page 37: ...responding alarm occurred In main menu from Menu Record Record set here you can input snapshot mode as regular size In main menu from Menu Alarm Detect please enable snapshot function for specified ch...

Page 38: ...dress format and you can access via them MAC address The host in the LAN can get a unique MAC address It is for you to access in the LAN It is read only IP address Here you can use up down button or i...

Page 39: ...tup when you want to change MTU setup Click OK button to confirm current reboot or you can click Cancel button to terminate current modification Before the modification you can check the MTU of the ga...

Page 40: ...o modes if the Enable button is grey Type You can select trusted site and blacklist from the dropdown list You can view the IP address on the following column Start address end address Select one type...

Page 41: ...remove specified item Edit Click it to edit start address and end address See Figure 4 62 System can check the IP address validity after the edit operation and implement IPv6 optimization Default Clic...

Page 42: ...dcast address of RFC1918 Can not be used in Internet transmission Used for multiple cast broadcast in limited space Except the above mentioned addresses of special meaning you can use other addresses...

Page 43: ...ve button system prompts for rebooting to get all setup activated After rebooting open IE and input as below http DDNS server IP virtual directory name webtest htm e g http 10 6 2 85 DVR _DDNS webtest...

Page 44: ...e customized valid domain name has not registered 3 Operation Before you use Quick DDNS you need to enable this service and set proper server address port value and domain name Server address www quic...

Page 45: ...t that has been mapped in the router External port Port that has been mapped locally Default UPNP default port setting is the HTTP TCP and UDP of the DVR Add to the list Click it to add the mapping re...

Page 46: ...u enabled 3G function It is to display current wireless network signal intensity such as EVDO CDMA1x W CDMA CDMA EDGE and etc 3G module It is to display current wireless network adapter name 3G Enable...

Page 47: ...k connection is valid all the time Dial Here you can enable or disable 3G network connection disconnection manually 3G wireless network Here is to display wireless network status SIM card status dial...

Page 48: ...re System support English character and Arabic number Max 32 digit Receiver Please input receiver email address here System max supports 3 email boxes System automatically filters same addresses if yo...

Page 49: ...such as Ser U FTP SERVER to establish FTP service Please install Ser U FTP SERVER first From start program Serv U FTP Server Serv U Administrator Now you can set user password and FTP folder Please n...

Page 50: ...is null system automatically create folders according to the IP time and channel User name and password is the account information for you to login the FTP File length is upload file length When setup...

Page 51: ...is an abbreviation of Simple Network Management Protocol It provides the basic network management frame of the network management system The SNMP widely used in many environments It is used in many n...

Page 52: ...IP you want to manage in the MG SOFT MIB Browser Please set the corresponding version for your future reference Open the tree list on the MG SOFT MIB Browser you can get the device configuration Here...

Page 53: ...the port you set in the previous step Now you can add device Please do not input default port number such as the TCP port in the mapping port number The device ID here shall be the same with the ID yo...

Page 54: ...tem is playback Channel display You can select to channel name or not when system is playback Resolution There are four options 1920 1080 1280 1024 default 1280 720 1024 768 Please note the system nee...

Page 55: ...54 It is to modify channel name Channel Type It is to set channel type It supports coaxial 3 3 4 Information...

Page 56: ...rror means there is no HDD If disk is damaged system shows as Please remove the broken hard disk before you add a new one means the second SN You can view the HDD amount the device connected to HDD is...

Page 57: ...s resolution and etc Log Here is for you to view system log file System lists the following information Log types include system operation configuration operation data management alarm event record o...

Page 58: ...kup button to save the log files After the backup you can see there is a folder named Log time on the backup path Double click the folder you can see the log file Details Click the Details button or d...

Page 59: ...58 Version Here is for you to view some version information such as version number built date serial number and etc Network Network Test...

Page 60: ...ckup You can view all connected network adapter names including Ethernet PPPoE W IFI and 3G you can click the button on the right panel to begin Sniffer Click the grey stop button to stop Please note...

Page 61: ...ction status is shown as offline if connection is disconnected Click one network adapter you can view the flow statistics such as send rate and receive rate at the top panel 3 3 5 Advanced You can see...

Page 62: ...or means there is no HDD If disk is damaged system shows as Please remove the broken hard disk before you add a new one SN You can view the HDD amount the device connected to means the second HDD is c...

Page 63: ...62 Double click Set HDD Group Double click Set HDD Channel...

Page 64: ...nd user The user name and group name can consist of eight bytes One name can only be used once There are four default users admin 888888 666666 and hidden user default Except user 6666 other users hav...

Page 65: ...dress can access the device remotely You can set or change MAC address when you add or modify a user The MAC address function is also valid for PSS login Please note current function does not support...

Page 66: ...e admin account When you create a new user you can input the corresponding MAC address of current user If you leave this item in blank any MAC address user can share this user account to login Please...

Page 67: ...PTZ user account system information view alarm input output setup system setup log view clear log upgrade system control device and etc Online Users Here is for you to manage online users You can disc...

Page 68: ...TM POS The ATM POS function is for financial areas It includes Sniffer information analysis and title overlay function The Sniffer mode is network The network type interface is shown as below Here we...

Page 69: ...interface is shown Source IP refers to host IP address that sends out information usually it is the device host Destination IP refers to other systems that receive information Usually you do not need...

Page 70: ...e setups please click save button system goes back to the previous menu Warning System menu color language time display mode video format IP address user account will not maintain previous setup after...

Page 71: ...op button You can view the remaining time and process bar at the left bottom When the system completes backup you can see a dialogue box prompting successful backup File format Click the file format y...

Page 72: ...to network setup main menu Setting Network Use order ping DVR IP address to check connection is OK or not Usually the return TTL value should be less than 255 HDCVI DVR supports various browsers such...

Page 73: ...security reasons please modify your password after you first login 4 3 System menu 4 3 1 Live In section 2 left click the channel name you want to view you can see the corresponding video incurrent wi...

Page 74: ...ideo All images are memorized in system client folder picture Download default 4 Audio Turn on or off audio It has no relationship with system audio setup 5 Close video There are channel number and on...

Page 75: ...change From left to right it is to set video quality video latency full screen 1 window 4 window 4 3 6 PTZ control Before PTZ operation please make sure you have properly set PTZ protocol There are ei...

Page 76: ...75 4 3 7 Image Here you can adjust its brightness contrast hue and saturation Current channel border becomes green Or you can click Reset button to restore system default setup...

Page 77: ...tion Parameter Function Channel Please select a channel from the dropdown list Period It divides one day 24 hours to two periods You can set different hue brightness and contrast for different periods...

Page 78: ...e larger the number is the higher the contrast is You can use this function when the whole video bright is OK but the contrast is not proper Please note the video may become hazy if the value is too l...

Page 79: ...ream supports H 264 The extra stream supports H 264 MJPG Resolution dropdown list Please note the option may vary due to different System supports various resolutions you can select from the series Fr...

Page 80: ...rline Snapshot Please refer to the following sheet for detailed information Parameter Function Snapshot type There are two modes Regular schedule and Trigger Regular snapshot is valid during the speci...

Page 81: ...section of the video will be adjusted accordingly You can use this function when the whole video is too dark or too bright Please note the video may become hazy if the value is too high The value ran...

Page 82: ...ream type It includes main stream motion stream and alarm stream You can select different encode frame rates form different recorded events System supports active control frame function ACF It allows...

Page 83: ...om 1 to 150 Default value is 50 Recommended value is frame rate 2 Audio source Please select from the dropdown list There are two options Normal HDCVI In the normal mode the audio signal comes from th...

Page 84: ...you can copy current channel setup to other channel s Video Overlay The video overlay interface is shown Please refer to the following sheet for detailed information Parameter Function Cover area Chec...

Page 85: ...n You can view channel title on the live video of the WEB or the playback video Path The storage path interface is shown Here you can set snap image saved path and the record storage path The default...

Page 86: ...ead only when the PPPoE dial is OK Mac Address It is to display host Mac address IP Version It is to select IP version IPV4 or IPV6 You can access the IP address of these two versions IP Address Pleas...

Page 87: ...ault value is 37777 You can input the actual port number if necessary UDP port The default value is 37778 You can input the actual port number if necessary HTTP port The default value is 80 You can in...

Page 88: ...e click a name to connect to it Click Refresh button you can view latest connection status 3G CDMA GPRS Please refer to the following sheet for detailed information Parameter Function WLAN type Here y...

Page 89: ...ent setup and then reboot the device to get the setup activated Device connects to the internet via PPPoE after reboot You can get the IP address in the WAN from the IP address column Please note you...

Page 90: ...not fixed if you use ADSL to login the network The DDNS function allows you to access the DVR via the registered domain name Besides the general DDNS the quick DDNS works with the device from the manu...

Page 91: ...l You can input your commonly used email address Important Do not register frequently The interval between two registrations shall be more than 60 seconds Too many registration requests may result in...

Page 92: ...ss and then enable this function Port Default value is 25 You can modify it if necessary Anonymity For the server supports the anonymity function You can auto login anonymously You do not need to inpu...

Page 93: ...mity events which may result in heavy load for the email server Health mail Please check the box here to enable this function Parameter Function Enable Please check the box here to enable email functi...

Page 94: ...l regularly as you set here Email test The system will automatically sent out a email once to test the connection is OK or not Before the email test please save the email setup information FTP It is t...

Page 95: ...tion Enable UPnP from the Web If your UPnP is enabled in the Windows OS the DVR can auto detect it via the My Network Places SNMP The SNMP allows the communication between the network management work...

Page 96: ...e value ranges from 1 to 65535 The default value is 161SNMP supported in the specified name The default setup is write Trap address The destination address of the Trap information from the proxy progr...

Page 97: ...teps listed below to use this function Please set proxy server address port and sub device name at the device end Please enable the auto register function the device can auto register to the proxy ser...

Page 98: ...in if you have changed device IP You need to download root certificate if it is your first time to use HTTPS on current PC Create Server Certificate If it is your first time to use this function pleas...

Page 99: ...98 Download root certificate Click button system pops up a dialogue box Click Open button you can go to the following interface...

Page 100: ...99 Click Install certificate button you can go to certificate wizard Click Next button to continue Now you can select a location for the certificate...

Page 101: ...100 Click Next button you can see the certificate import process is complete Click Finish button you can see system pops up a security warning dialogue box...

Page 102: ...fault value is 443 Login Open the browser and then input https xx xx xx xx port xx xx xx xx is your device IP or domain mane Port is your HTTPS port If you are using default HTTPS value 443 you do not...

Page 103: ...102...

Page 104: ...103 Please refer to the following sheet for detailed information Parameter Function Enable You need to check the box to enable motion detection function Please select a channel from the dropdown list...

Page 105: ...k the direction buttons to move the green rectangle to set the motion detection zone After you completed the setup please click ENTER button to exit current setup Do remember click save button to save...

Page 106: ...ing signal reached the sensitivity you set here For detailed setups please refer to chapter 5 8 3 1 1 motion detect for detailed information Alarm upload System can upload the alarm signal to the cent...

Page 107: ...disk no space net disconnection IP conflict and MAC conflict You can set one or more items here Less than You can set the minimum percentage value here For disk not space only The device can alarm whe...

Page 108: ...lert you when an alarm occurs Buzzer Check the box here to enable this function The buzzer beeps when an alarm occurs 4 4 5 Storage Schedule In this interfaces you can add or remove the schedule recor...

Page 109: ...nable redundancy function Please note this function is null if there is only one HDD Snapshot Check the box here to enable snapshot function Holiday Check the box here to enable holiday function Setup...

Page 110: ...ent channel name is grey such as channel 1 Now you can select the channel you wan to paste such as channel 5 6 7 If you wan to save current setup of channel 1 to all channels you can click the first b...

Page 111: ...plied in the record setup Stop Stop current channel record no matter what period applied in the record setup Start all stop all Check the corresponding All button you can enable or disable all channel...

Page 112: ...em stops recording If the current HDD is full and then next HDD is not empty then system overwrites the previous files Pack duration Here is for you to specify record duration The value ranges from 1...

Page 113: ...to the week format NTP You can check the box to enable NTP function NTP server You can set the time server address Port It is to set the time server port Interval It is to set the sync periods between...

Page 114: ...to reboot to activate current setup Transparency Here is for you to adjust transparency The value ranges from 128 to 255 Time title channel title Check the box here you can view system time and chann...

Page 115: ...System cansupport1 4 8 window according to device channel amount Motion tour Alarm tour Here you can set motion detect tour alarm tour window mode System supports 1 8 window now Enable Check the box h...

Page 116: ...se note your setup here shall comply with your dome address otherwise you can not control the speed dome Baud Rate Select the dome baud rate Default setup is 9600 Data Bit Default setup is 8 Please se...

Page 117: ...lowing user name or the user group name system max supports 6 digits The space in the front or at the end of the string is null The valid string includes character number and underline The user amount...

Page 118: ...nd password and then select one group for current user Please note the user rights shall not exceed the group right setup For convenient setup please make sure the general user has the lower rights se...

Page 119: ...up modify group password and etc Add group It is to add group and set its corresponding rights Please input the group name and then check the box to select the corresponding rights It includes shutdow...

Page 120: ...tion such as remarks and rights Auto maintain Here you can select auto reboot and auto delete old files interval from the dropdown list If you want to use the auto delete old files function you need t...

Page 121: ...local PC Default Here you can select Channel Network Event Storage System Or you can check the All box to select all items Upgrade Please select the upgrade file and then click the update button to b...

Page 122: ...tion user management log clear Start time Set the start time of the requested log End time Set the end time of the requested log Search You can select log type from the drop down list and then click s...

Page 123: ...click the date on the right pane to select the date The green highlighted date is system current date and the blue highlighted date means it has record files Then please click File list button you can...

Page 124: ...as play pause stop slow play fast play and etc Select the file s you want to download and then click download button The Download button becomes Stop button and there is a process bar for your referen...

Page 125: ...then click Verify button to see the file has been tampered with or not 4 6 Alarm Click alarm function Here you can set device alarm type and alarm sound setup Please make sure you have enabled audio...

Page 126: ...ror System alarms when disk error occurs External alarm Alarm input device sends out alarm Operation Prompt Check the box here system can automatically pops up an alarm icon on the Alarm button in the...

Page 127: ...ase refer to VMS user s manual 6 FAQ 6 1 FAQ 1 DVR can not boot up properly There are following possibilities Input power is not correct Power connection is not correct Power connection is not correct...

Page 128: ...the latest version Brightness is 0 Please restore factory default setup There is no video input signal or it is too weak Check privacy mask setup or your screen saver DVR hardware malfunctions 5 Real...

Page 129: ...onitor but there is no audio when system playback There are following possibilities Setup is not correct Please enable audio function Corresponding channel has no video input Playback is not continuou...

Page 130: ...w our DVR is not compatible with Windows VISTA control ActiveX control has been disabled No dx8 1 or higher Please upgrade display card driver Network connection error Network setup error Password or...

Page 131: ...power supply is not enough Transmission distance is too far 18 Alarm signal can not been disarmed There are following possibilities Alarm setup is not correct Alarm output has been open manually Inpu...

Page 132: ...2 15 1 to create server certificate 25 When I login via HTTPS a dialogue says the certificate is not trusted Please follow chapter 5 8 2 15 2 to download root certificate 26 When I login via HTTPS a d...

Page 133: ...hannel needed for each hour unit Mbyte In the formula d i means the bit rate unit Kbit s Step 2 After video time requirement is confirmed according to Formula 2 to calculate the storage capacity mi wh...

Page 134: ...ndisk Cruzer Micro 2G Sandisk Cruzer Freedom 256M Sandisk Cruzer Freedom 512M Sandisk Cruzer Freedom 1G Sandisk Cruzer Freedom 2G Kingston DataTraveler 1G Kingston DataTraveler 2G Kingston DataTravele...

Page 135: ...Data Traveler 16GB Kingston Data Traveler 32GB Aigo L8315 16GB Sandisk 250 16GB Kingston Data Traveler Locker 32GB Netac U228 8GB Compatible SD Card List Brand Standard Capacity Card type Transcend SD...

Page 136: ...grade the DVR firmware to latest version to ensure the accuracy of the table below Brand Model Pioneer DVR 215CHG Panasonic SW 9588 C Sumsung TS H653 Sony DRU V200S Sony DRU 845S Sumsung TS H653 Pione...

Page 137: ...Pipeline HD ST3320310CS 320G SATA Seagate Seagate Pipeline HD ST3500422CS 500G SATA Seagate Seagate Pipeline HD ST3500321CS 500G SATA Seagate Seagate Pipeline HD2 ST3250412CS 250G SATA Seagate Seagate...

Page 138: ...Cariar SE WD2500JS 250G SATA Westem Digital Cariar SE16 WD7500KS 750G SATA Westem Digital Cariar SE16 WD5000KS 500G SATA Westem Digital Cariar SE16 WD4000KD 400G SATA Westem Digital Cariar SE16 WD3200...

Page 139: ...m Digital WD AV GP WD25EURS 2 5T SATA Westem Digital WD AV GP WD20EURS 2T SATA Westem Digital WD AV GP WD15EURS 1 5T SATA Westem Digital WD AV GP WD10EURS 1T SATA Westem Digital WD AV GP WD10EURX 1T S...

Page 140: ...Sony DRX S70U USB DVD RW Sony AW G170S SATA DVD RW Samsung TS H653A SATA DVD RW Panasonic SW 9588 C SATA DVD RW Sony DRX S50U USB DVD RW BenQ 5232WI USB DVD RW Appendix D Compatible Displayer List Bra...

Page 141: ...2243S 22 inch LG LCD W2343T 23 inch BENQ LCD G900HD 18 5 inch BENQ LCD G2220HD 22 inch PHILIPS LCD 230E 23 inch PHILIPS LCD 220CW9 23 inch PHILIPS LCD 220BW9 24 inch PHILIPS LCD 220EW9 25 inch Appendi...

Page 142: ...al embedded micro controller OS Embedded LINUX System Resources Multiplex operations Multiple channel record multiple channel playback and network operation simultaneously Interface User friendly grap...

Page 143: ...NTSC Real time monitor 1080P 720P PAL NTSC Image Quality 6 level image quality Adjustable Privacy Video monitor mask Support one privacy mask of user defined size in full screen Support max 4 zones Im...

Page 144: ...uch as time type and channel Playback Mode Various fast play slow play speeds manual frame by frame playback and reverse play mode Various File Switch Ways Can switch to file on other channel of the s...

Page 145: ...can activate screen message prompt Interface USB Interface 2 USB 2 0 port Network connection RJ45 10M 100M self adaptable Ethernet port RS485 PTZ control port Support various PTZ control protocols RS2...

Page 146: ...when login Provide the following options Logout shutdown restart Right authentication when shut down to make sure only those proper people can turn off DVR General Parameter Power DC 12V Power Consum...

Page 147: ...substances or elements will not result in any severe environmental pollution any bodily injury or damage to any assets The consumer is not authorized to process such kind of substances or elements pl...