E-Mu E-MU 1212M PCIE, Manual

Page 1: ...E MU PCIe Digital Audio Systems 1 Owner s Manual Owner s Manual ...

Page 2: ...l Rights Reserved E MU World Headquarters E MU Systems 1500 Green Hills Road Scotts Valley CA 95066 USA Europe Creative Labs Ballycoolin Business Park Blanchardstown Dublin 15 IRELAND E MU Japan Creative Media K K Kanda Eight Bldg 3F 4 6 7 Soto Kanda Chiyoda ku Tokyo 101 0021 JAPAN Software Version 2 20 ...

Page 3: ...212m Owners Install the 0202 Daughter Card 16 Connecting the MicroDock 16 WARNING E MU 0202 MicroDock 17 Software Installation 18 Installing the E MU 1010 PatchMix Software and Drivers 18 Windows XP Windows XP x64 Windows Vista Windows Vista x64 18 Uninstalling all Audio Drivers and Applications 18 Note About Windows Logo Testing 18 3 PCIe Card Interfaces 19 The E MU 1010 PCIe Card 19 Important 19...

Page 4: ... Fader 30 E MU Icon in the Windows Taskbar 31 The Toolbar 31 The Session 32 New Session 32 Open Session 33 Save Session 33 Session Settings 33 System Settings 33 Using External Clock 34 I O Settings 34 Input Mixer Strips 36 Input Type 36 Mixer Strip Creation 37 Multichannel WAVE Files 38 Windows Media Player DVD Surround Sound Playback 38 Insert Section 39 Working with Inserts 39 The Insert Menu 4...

Page 5: ...FX Presets and FX Insert Chains 58 FX Edit Screen 59 User Preset Section 60 Core Effects and Effects Presets 61 List of Core Effects 62 DSP Resource Usage 62 Core Effects Descriptions 63 1 Band Para EQ 63 1 Band Shelf EQ 63 3 Band EQ 64 4 Band EQ 65 Auto Wah 66 Chorus 67 Compressor 68 Basic Controls 68 Distortion 70 Flanger 71 Freq Shifter 72 Leveling Amp 73 Lite Reverb 74 Mono Delays 100 250 500 ...

Page 6: ...Multimode EQ Settings 101 Compressor Settings 101 E MU PowerFX 102 Automating E MU PowerFX 104 E MU PowerFX Resource Availability 104 Rendering Audio with E MU PowerFX 106 General Tips for Rendering using PowerFX 106 Tips for using Freeze Mode on Cubase LE 106 Using E MU PowerFX with WaveLab and SoundForge 106 E MU VST E Wire 107 E Delay Compensator 108 E Delay Compensator Use 109 E Delay Units Pa...

Page 7: ...ne to 1 4 Adapters 116 Cinch RCA to 1 4 Adapters 116 Digital Cables 116 AES EBU to S PDIF Cable Adapter 116 Grounding 117 Phantom Power 117 Appearance Settings in Windows 117 Technical Specifications 118 Internet References 124 Forums 124 Index 127 ...

Page 8: ...8 Creative Professional ...

Page 9: ... System Components E MU 1616m PCIe E MU 1010 PCIe Card MicroDockm EDI E MU Digital Interface Cable 48VDC AC Adapter MIDI Breakout Cable Digital Audio System Software Driver Installation CD ROM Production Tools Software Bundle CD ROM Quick Start Guide Inputs Outputs 8 Channel ADAT Digital Optical Input 8 Channel ADAT Digital Optical Output 2 Channel S PDIF Digital Input 2 Channel S PDIF Digital Out...

Page 10: ...les Digital Audio System Software Driver Installation CD ROM Production Tools Software Bundle CD ROM Quick Start Guide Inputs Outputs 8 Channel ADAT Digital Optical Input 8 Channel ADAT Digital Optical Output 2 Channel S PDIF Digital Input 2 Channel S PDIF Digital Output 1 MIDI Input Output allows 16 MIDI channels 2 24 bit Balanced Line Inputs 2 24 bit Balanced Line Outputs ...

Page 11: ...ing DVDs or general computer use E MU 1212m System The E MU 1212m includes the 0202 Daughter Card which provides 2 line level balanced analog inputs 2 line level balanced analog outputs plus MIDI input and output This is no compromise audio interface using ultra high performance 24 bit 192kHz A D D A converters to deliver an unbelievable 120dB dynamic range E MU 1616m System S PDIF and ADAT on the...

Page 12: ...and instantly recalled for specific purposes such as recording mixdown jamming special effect setups playing games watching DVDs or general computer use You ll want to keep up with the latest software and options for your E MU digital audio system You can find all of this plus other helpful information at the E MU Website http www emu com Notes Tips and Warnings Items of special interest are prese...

Page 13: ...ve the latest Windows Service Packs from Microsoft Windows XP SP 2 or higher Vista SP 1 or higher Disable onboard sound and uninstall all other sound cards If you wish to try using multiple sound cards in your system do so after you have confirmed that your E MU Digital Audio System is operating normally InstallShield IKernel Application Error on Windows XP When installing this software on Windows...

Page 14: ...puter If you don t have a ground strap you can ground yourself by touching the metal case of another piece of grounded equipment 2 Installation Setting Up the Digital Audio System 14 Creative Professional Please read the following sections as they apply to your system as you install the E MU 1010 PCIe paying special attention to the various warnings they include Prior to installing the hardware ta...

Page 15: ...igure 2 1 Make sure that the power switch on your computer is off IMPORTANT Unplug the power cord from the wall outlet 2 Touch a metal plate on your computer to ground yourself and to discharge any static electricity 3 Follow the computer manufacturer s recommended procedure for opening the case Note Some computer cases don t use screws to secure PCIe cards In this case follow the instructions tha...

Page 16: ...talled and securely fastened close the computer case CAUTION Do not connect the supplied CAT5 cable to the Ethernet or network connector on your computer Doing so may result in permanent damage to either your computer the E MU 1010 or both 7 Connect the supplied network type cable from the 10 BaseT jack on the E MU 1010 PCIe card labeled EDI to the matching connector labeled EDI on the MicroDock T...

Page 17: ...owever because these standard cables types are used for other purposes you must use caution to avoid connecting the cables incorrectly DO NOT connect the supplied EDI cable to the Ethernet or network connector on your computer Doing so may result in permanent damage to either your computer the E MU 1010 PCIe card or the MicroDock WARNING E MU 0202 MicroDock If you have both the E MU 0202 I O card ...

Page 18: ... times you may need to uninstall or reinstall some or all of the audio card s applica tions and device drivers to correct problems change configurations or upgrade outdated drivers or applications Before you begin close all audio card applications Applications still running during the uninstallation will not be removed 1 Click Start Settings Control Panel 2 Double click the Add Remove Programs ico...

Page 19: ...ission of digital data from external digital devices such as a DAT external analog to digital converter or an external signal processor equipped with digital inputs and outputs The S PDIF out can be configured in either Profes sional or Consumer mode in the Session Settings menu The 1010 PCIe card can also send and receive AES EBU digital audio through the use of a cable adapter See AES EBU to S P...

Page 20: ...s cassette decks etc The analog inputs are assigned to a mixer strip in the mixer application The outputs can feed any line level input such as a mixing board the auxiliary input on your stereo or a set of powered speakers The line outputs are NOT designed to drive headphones directly Connect the line outputs to a stereo receiver or mixer with a headphone jack to obtain the proper current drive Ei...

Page 21: ... 1 Stereo pair of S PDIF AES digital outputs 4 Stereo pairs of ADAT channels on the ADAT optical output 3 Stereo 1 8 computer speaker outputs These outputs carry the same signals as the 3 stereo line level outputs and are provided as a convenience for connecting computer or powered speaker systems 2 MIDI output ports using the supplied breakout cable The MicroDock is completely hot pluggable It s ...

Page 22: ...nformation Each microphone input has its own input level meters and clipping indicators The LED meters indicate signal presence Adjust the input gain so that the yellow LEDs are illuminated The red Clip LED indicates that the gain is set too high and the signal is clipping the input These LEDs monitor the signal directly at the analog to digital converters and before any processing by the rest of ...

Page 23: ...additional bandwidth on the existing interface See the chart below or go here for additional information Sample Rate Number of Audio Channels 44kHz 48kHz 8 channels of 24 bit audio 88kHz or 96kHz 4 channels of 24 bit audio using S MUX standard interleaving 176kHz or 192kHz 2 channels of 24 bit audio using S MUX standard interleaving The ADAT inputs and outputs can be configured in the System Setti...

Page 24: ...EFINITION DRIVE SELECT LOAD SAVE AUDITION TRIGGER MODE ESCAPE MIDI ENTER DEC NO INC YES ABC JKL TUV DEF MNO WXY QZ GHI PRS TRIGGERS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 MIDI Sound Module In Out In MIDI 2 Out In MIDI Out In In Out Out MIDI In Out In Out MIDI In 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 External A D D A Converter Audio Outs Audio Outs Line A Mic 15 0 Line Mic Clip 50 Line B Mic 65 15 0 48V 50 65 S PDIF In Out 3 6 12 20 SL Cl...

Page 25: ...eamp designed for moving magnet type phono cartridges with 60 dB of gain Connect the ground lead from your turntable to the ground lug to prevent hum The phono inputs SHARE line level inputs 2L and 2R Inserting a plug into Line Input 2 disconnects the turntable preamp from that channel Do NOT leave your turntable connected when using inputs 2L and 2R since this can cause a ground loop Important Do...

Page 26: ...nds and Audio Devices There are two completely independent sets of MIDI input and output ports on the MicroDock which can be assigned in your specific MIDI applications Connect the MIDI breakout cable to the D connector on the MicroDock Connect MIDI Out to the MIDI In port of your synthesizer and MIDI Out of your synth to MIDI In of the MicroDock MIDI cable EDI Connector Card Connects the MicroDoc...

Page 27: ...Rear Right 2L RL 2R RR 2 Tip RL Ring RR E DSP WAVE 7 8 Side Left Side Right N A N A The 1 8 stereo jacks make it easy to connect to powered surround sound speakers Only three stereo cables are necessary with many speaker systems see above The 1 8 jacks duplicate the 1 4 outputs The 1 8 jacks and the 1 4 jacks can be used simulta neously You can connect the 1 8 stereo jacks to your surround speaker...

Page 28: ...ram is applicable to either the 1616M or1212M To Mixer Inputs Aux Inputs Mixer Powered Speakers Integrated Amp Speakers or or L R 1212M Analog Output Connections Powered Desktop Speakers Mono 1 4 male to Stereo 1 8 female adapter Mono 1 4 male to male Cinch RCA adapter 1 4 male to 1 4 male Stereo balanced or unbalanced Electronic Keyboard Electric Instrument Instr Preamp Microphone L R Input L R O...

Page 29: ...ecall these Sessions at will To Invoke the PatchMix DSP Mixer Click on the buttons and knobs in the mixer screen below to jump to the description of the control 1 Left click once on the E MU icon on the Windows System Tray The PatchMix DSP mixer window appears Overview of the Mixer Add New Strip Aux Sends Volume Fader Pan Controls Solo Mute Buttons Channel Insert Section Toolbar Monitor Volume Bal...

Page 30: ...effects presets are shown here organized by category From this window you can drag and drop effect presets into the insert slots available on the mixer strips and main section aux buses and main inserts The Mixer consists of four main sections A simplified diagram of the mixer is shown below IMPORTANT Study this diagram to understand how the PatchMix DSP Mixer works Pre Fader or Post Fader When cr...

Page 31: ... unchecked FX are not loaded until needed resulting in faster computer boot The Toolbar New Session Open Session Save Session Session Settings Show Hide Effects Global Prefs About PatchMix DSP HELP New Session Calls up the New Session dialog box New Session Open Session Calls up the standard Open dialog box allowing you to open a saved Session Save Session Calls up the standard Save or Save As þdi...

Page 32: ...up an external sync source thereby obtaining the sample rate from some other device or application External sync can be obtained from the ADAT input or S PDIF input If the session is set at 44 1kHz or 48kHz and the external source is coming in at a higher rate such as 96k the Sync Indicator will be extinguished off but PatchMix will attempt to receive the external data The two units are NOT sample...

Page 33: ...ed At these high sample rates you must select one of three types of sessions each containing a different I O configuration Please see page 111 for details Open Session To Open a saved session click on the Open Session button A dialog box appears allowing you to choose one of your saved Sessions to open Choose one of your saved sessions and click on the Open button Save Session To Save a session cl...

Page 34: ...k 48k the LOCKED indicator will be extinguished and PatchMix will attempt to receive the external data The two units are NOT sample locked however and you should correct this condition to avoid intermittent clicks in the audio I O Settings You can set the level 10dBV or 4 dBu for each pair of analog outputs and the input gain setting for each pair of analog inputs An output setting of 4 provides t...

Page 35: ...hone Input Soft Limiting The Mic Hi Z inputs have built in analog soft limiters which automatically turn down the gain before the signal overloads the A D converters The soft limiters allow you to record a hotter signal without fear of clipping This control turns the soft limiters On or Off See Making the Best Possible Recording for additional information about the soft limiters Optical Output Sel...

Page 36: ...are Analog SPDIF ADAT Host Input Software Direct Sound WAV ASIO source Inserts You can drag and drop effects from the Effects Palette or Right click to insert a Physical or ASIO Send or Send Return A Peak Meter Trim Control or Test Signal can also be inserted by Right clicking on the Insert section Pan Controls These controls allow to you position the channel in the stereo sound field Dual control...

Page 37: ...f the Mixer The New Mixer Strip Input Dialog appears 2 Select the desired input to the mixer strip from the following choices Physical Source Analog or digital input Analog ADAT S PDIF Host ASIO Source input Streaming audio from an ASIO software application Host WAVE input Window sound sources WAVE WDM CD CDs MP3s The WAVE 1 2 strip is used to playback CDs Windows Media Player and Direct Sound PHY...

Page 38: ...s For additional information about WDM behavior at high sample rates see page 113 192kHz 96kHz DVD Audio disks are protected against digital copying Most DVD Audio disks contain duplicate 48kHz audio tracks which will play back on the 1616 Windows Media Player DVD Surround Sound Playback Select DirectSound as the output format when using Windows Media Player and other DVD player applications Eight...

Page 39: ...of inserts can be selected Hardware Effect Reverb EQ Compressor Flanger etc using PatchMix DSP s effects which do not load your CPU Host ASIO Send Splits off the signal and sends it to an ASIO host input such as a software audio recorder or anything that uses ASIO ASIO Direct Monitor Sends the signal to a selected ASIO host input then returns a selected ASIO host output to the chain Ext Send Retur...

Page 40: ... Insert Send Input Fader Panning Main Output Bus Aux 1 Bus Aux 2 Bus To ASIO WAV or Physical Output 1 Right Click over the Insert section A pop up dialog box appears 2 Select Insert Send to ASIO WAVE or physical output from the list of options The following dialog box appears 3 Choose one of the Send Outputs Click on a destination to select it 4 Click OK to select the output or Cancel to cancel th...

Page 41: ...so selected which returns the signal to the channel strip from an ASIO Host Output The ASIO Direct Monitor Send Return is unique in that it utilizes ASIO 2 0 zero latency monitoring In order to utilize this feature Direct Monitoring must be enabled in the audio recording application While recording the Direct Monitor Send Return routes the signal to the recording application but monitors directly ...

Page 42: ...vel Meters which can be dropped into any insert location The insert meters are of the peak hold type The topmost bar in the meter holds its highest level for a second to let you see transients that would otherwise be too quick for the eye The peak meters are also color coded to indicate the signal strength The chart below outlines the meanings of the colors Avoid lighting the topmost red bar as th...

Page 43: ...s easier than ever thanks to the high resolution 24 bit A D converters on your Digital Audio System These converters are much more forgiving than the 12 bit or 16 bit converters of the past Even so to get the best perfor mance possible you ll need to follow a few basic guidelines First whenever you input an analog signal to the Digital Audio System make sure that you re feeding the A D converters ...

Page 44: ... System includes Insert Trim Pot controls but since they adjust the signal level AFTER the signal has been digitized this will not recover any lost resolution It s far better to set the input level correctly in the first place Trim Pots can be used in emergency situations if there s no other way to get a hot signal in They are designed to optimize the signal levels feeding effect plug ins Trim Pot...

Page 45: ...Signal Output Level The Sine Wave Oscillator frequency is variable from 20Hz 20kHz The level is variable from off to 30dB White Noise is a mixture of all frequencies in the audio spectrum at the same average level analogous to white light in the visible spectrum Pink Noise provides equal power distribution per octave White noise has more power in the higher octaves Pink noise and white noise are b...

Page 46: ...elect Effect in the TV display 2 Click the Bypass button Method 2 1 Right Click over the Effect you want to bypass in the Insert section A pop up dialog box appears 2 Select Bypass Insert from the list of options To Bypass All Inserts All Inserts in a strip can also be bypassed with a single command 1 Right Click over the Effect you want to bypass in the Insert section A pop up dialog box appears ...

Page 47: ...s because you will be adjusting the effect amount using the Aux Return control instead If you have more than one effect in an Aux Bus ignore the preceding advice as the wet dry controls can be used to mix the amounts of your multiple effects Main Monitor Bus Side Chain Output Return Amount Send Amount Input Amt Amt Aux Bus 1 Pan Fader Mute Side Chain Return Amount Send Amount Aux Bus 2 Sidechain D...

Page 48: ...ted by the Level Fader and Mute settings The Pre Fader setting allows you to create two completely different mixes using the Aux Buses since the signal levels of this mix won t be affected by the fader settings Main Monitor Bus Side Chain Output Return Amount Send Amount Input Amt Mute Amt Aux Bus 1 Pan Fader Side Chain Return Amount Send Amount Aux Bus 2 Main Monitor Bus Side Chain Output Return ...

Page 49: ...button and the sound from that channel is cut off Pressing the Solo button while the Mute button is pressed allows you to hear the channel until solo is turned off The Solo button allows you to listen to only that channel while muting the rest of the inputs If multiple solo buttons are pressed you will hear all soloed channels and the non soloed channels will all be muted The mute status is rememb...

Page 50: ...ion where effects effects chains or other inserts can be assigned to the two aux buses Send and return levels can be individually controlled for each of the two Aux Buses The Aux 1 and Aux 2 buses are fed by the two Aux Sends on each mixer strip The Master Send Level control on Aux bus 1 and 2 can be used to attenuate or boost the signal going into the Auxiliary Inserts There is also a Master Retu...

Page 51: ... an insert effect is not selected the display will read No Insert Most effects have a wet dry mix parameter to control the ratio of effect to plain signal The wet dry setting is stored with the effect preset The parameter set varies with the type of effect See List of Core Effects for detailed information about the individual effects Effect Display View Button Effect Location Wet Dry Mix Control E...

Page 52: ... strip Physical Input Display Host Input Display Output Selecting the Output display view shows a graphic representation of the PatchMix DSP Mixer outputs The output routings are divided into two categories Physical Outputs and Host Outputs Select either category by clicking on the Physical or Host button Physical Output Display Host Output Display The Host Output display shows all the Insert Rout...

Page 53: ...rn Amount Signal Flow You can also use the Auxiliary Sends as two extra mix buses By turning the Aux Return amount all the way down and dropping an Insert Send into the chain you can send the Auxiliary bus to any output you wish See Insert Section for more information Sync Sample Rate Indicators The Sync Sample rate Indicators show the current session s sample rate and whether it is internal or sl...

Page 54: ...bar graph meter reflects the digital level at the output of the mixer The topmost red bar represents 0 dB or a full scale digital signal The peaks hold for a moment so that short transients can be monitored Each bar 1dB Monitor Output Level Hot Tip The System Volume Control on your Mac or PC can be used to control the Monitor Output Level on PatchMix This control adjusts the monitor output level K...

Page 55: ...e PatchMix DSP resources certain effects will appear grayed out and cannot be added to the mixer Complex effects such as reverb use more DSP resources than say a 1 Band EQ If you continue to add effects all of the DSP resources will eventually be used up For more detailed information see DSP Resource Usage on page 62 The Effects Palette Click the FX button on the toolbar to bring up the Effects Pa...

Page 56: ... 2 Edit the effect parameters as desired To Delete an Effect 1 Right click on the Insert location containing the effect you wish to delete and a pop up list appears 2 Select Delete Insert s from the top of the list The effect will be deleted FX Insert Chains FX Insert Chains can be used to save several effects and their settings into a single multi effect When an effects chain is selected and drop...

Page 57: ...alog box appears asking you to Enter the Name of the New Category Alternatively you can Right click over an Effects Folder which calls a pop up dialog box with the option to Create New Category 2 Type in a name for your new folder 3 Click OK to create a new folder or Cancel to cancel the operation To Delete an Effect Category or Preset 1 Right click on the category folder you wish to delete A pop ...

Page 58: ...ets If the name of an imported FX preset exactly matches a preset you already have a number will be appended to end of the imported preset name 1 Click the Import Export FX Library button from the FX Palette 2 Select Import FX Category The Browse for Folder window appears 3 Choose the folder where the FX Chains you wish to import are located 4 The selected folder of FX Chains will be copied into t...

Page 59: ...dited deleted renamed or overwritten as you wish Effects Display View Button Effect Location Wet Dry Mix Control Effect Parameters Effect Bypass Solo Buttons User Preset Section To Bypass an Insert Inserts can be bypassed if you want to temporarily hear the audio without the effect or insert Bypass can also be used to turn off a Send Insert Method 1 1 Click on the Effect in the Insert section 2 Cl...

Page 60: ... as FX Palette effects Each core effect has a set of User Presets that you can use to store your favorite effect parameter settings We ve included a good collection of user presets to get you started The user presets are accessed from the bar at the bottom of the TV screen The user preset edit menu allows you to select stored presets create new presets rename or delete existing presets or overwrit...

Page 61: ... preset name then click OK to rename the preset or Cancel to cancel the operation To Overwrite or Save a User Preset This operation allows you to overwrite an existing preset with a newer version 1 Select the user preset you wish to modify from the user preset menu and make any changes you wish 2 Click on the Edit button A pop up menu appears 3 Select Overwrite Save The current preset will be over...

Page 62: ...he memory used by delay based effects such as reverb and digital delays All the reverbs and delays aside from the Mono Delay 100 and Stereo Delay 100 use varying amounts of tank memory The DSP instructions are used by all the effects Effects with multiple stages such as multi band EQs or the speaker simulator use more DSP instructions than a 1 Band EQ Delay memory tends to get used first and so we...

Page 63: ...e frequency range for the Center Frequency band that will be cut or boosted by the Gain control Range 1semitone to 36 semitones 1 Band Shelf EQ This single band shelving equalizer is useful when you just want to boost or cut a single range of frequencies at the high or low end of the spectrum For example if you just want to add a little more bass there s no need to waste a 3 band EQ Just choose lo...

Page 64: ...f cut or boost of the mid frequency band Range 24dB to 24dB Mid Freq 1 Sets the range of frequencies to be cut or boosted with the Mid Gain control Range 200Hz to 3kHz Mid Bandwidth Sets the width of the frequency range for the Mid Center Frequency band that will be cut or boosted by the Mid Gain control Range 1 semitone to 1 octave Low Shelf Gain Sets the amount of cut or boost of the low frequen...

Page 65: ...e High Gain control Range 4kHz to 16kHz Mid 2 Gain Sets the amount of cut or boost of the Mid 2 Frequency band Range 24dB to 24dB Mid 2 Center Freq Sets the range of frequencies to be cut or boosted with the Mid 2 Gain control Range 1kHz to 8kHz Mid 2 Bandwidth Sets the width of the frequency range for the Mid 2 Center Frequency band that will be cut or boosted by the Mid 2 Gain control Range 01 o...

Page 66: ...of the note on sweep As the input sound fades away the filter sweeps back at a rate determined by the Release setting The wah direction allows the filter to be swept either up or down in frequency Use a higher Center Frequency setting when the wah direction is down Center Frequency Auto Wah Filter Attack Release Sweep Range Bandwidth Envelope Sensitivity Input Wave Envelope Follower Parameter Desc...

Page 67: ...inimal LFO depth 2 Since this is a stereo chorus an LFO phase parameter is included which can be used to widen the stereo image Parameter Description Delay Sets the length of the delay Range 0ms to 20ms Feedback Sets the amount of delayed signal that will be recirculated through the delay line Range 0 to 100 LFO Rate Sets the frequency of the low frequency oscillator Range 01Hz to 10Hz LFO Depth S...

Page 68: ...d as set by the ratio control This important control allows you to dial in the range of amplitudes you want to tame For example if you re trying to trim off just the loudest peaks set the threshold so the gain reduction meter only shows compression during these peaks One of the biggest mistakes in using a compressor is having the threshold set too low This adds noise as the compressor will always ...

Page 69: ...nset of compression long enough to preserve the attack transients in guitar bass or drums while allowing the sustain portion of the sound to be compressed Longer release times are generally used to reduce the so called pumping effect as the compressor turns on and off Don t make the release time too long however or the compressor won t have time to recover for the next pluck or hit In general the ...

Page 70: ...trol lets you select a particular band of frequencies to be output The EQ Bandwidth controls the width of the center frequency band Finally a gain control allows you to make up for any gain loss through the effect Use the Wet Dry mix control in conjunction with the Edge control to reduce the amount of distortion or go wild and turn everything to 11 In Edge Lowpass Filter Bandpass Filter EQ Center ...

Page 71: ... the feedback signal creates peaks in the notch filter and deepens the effect Flanger LFO In Out Feedback Delay Waveform Phase Signal path Stereo Parameter Description Delay Sets the initial delay of the flanger in 01 millisecond increments This parameter allows you to tune the flanger to a specific frequency range Range 01ms to 4ms Feedback Controls how much signal is recirculated through the del...

Page 72: ...fting 1 Hz and below can produce a wonderful lush chorusing or phasing effect For bizarre frequency shifting effects simply crank up the frequency knob Frequencies can be shifted up or down by any specified amount from 1 Hz to 24 kHz You can also shift pitch up on one side and down on the other if you wish Harmonic Original Hz Pitch Shifted 100 Hz Frequency Shifted 100 Hz 1 200 300 300 2 400 600 5...

Page 73: ...sor is designed to be used in situations where delay does not pose a problem such as mastering a mix or compressing prerecorded stereo material Post Gain Amplifies the signal after it has been compressed to bring up the volume Range 0dB to 36dB Post Gain is the only control on the leveling amp This control is used to make up the volume lost by the compression The Compression Ratio is fixed at abou...

Page 74: ...he reflected sound from the room to decay or die away The diagram below shows a generalized reverberation envelope After a short pre delay period the echoes from the closest walls or ceiling are heard These first echoes or Early Reflections vary greatly depending on the type of room Some time after the early reflection cluster ends the actual Reverberation a dense cloud of complex wall reflections...

Page 75: ...sonance control increasing the amount of comb filtering produced by the delay line Comb filtering See page 71 A High Frequency Rolloff filter in the feedback path cuts some of the high frequency energy each time the audio goes through the delay line This simulates the natural absorption of high frequencies in a room and can also be used to simulate tape based echo units The Wet Dry mix controls ho...

Page 76: ...dback Increases the depth of the notches and height of the peaks Range 0 to 100 LFO Rate Controls the sweep rate of the Low Frequency Oscillator Range 01Hz to 10Hz LFO Depth Controls how much the Center Frequency is swept by the LFO Range 0 to 100 Waveform Selects a Sine or Triangle wave for the LFO LFO L R Phase Controls the stereo width by adjusting the phase difference between the left and righ...

Page 77: ...nt and listen Normally this effect should be used with the Mix control set to 100 Speaker Type Description British Stack 1 2 Modeled from a British 8 speaker high power amplifier stack British Combo 1 3 Modeled from a British 2 speaker combo amplifier Tweed Combo 1 3 Modeled from an American 1950 s era 2 speaker combo amplifier 2 x 12 Combo Modeled from an American 1960 s era 2 speaker combo ampli...

Page 78: ...g the longer stereo delays you can overdub musical lines one on top of the other with the feedback control turned up Delay In Out Feedback R Delay Time L Delay Time HF Rolloff Signal path Stereo Parameter Description Left Delay Time Sets the length of the delay for the left channel in milliseconds Right Delay Time Sets the length of the delay for the right channel in milliseconds Delay Time L R St...

Page 79: ...flected sound from the room to decay or die away The diagram below shows a generalized reverberation envelope After a short pre delay period the echoes from the closest walls or ceiling are heard These first echoes or early reflections vary greatly depending on the type of room Some time after the early reflection cluster ends late reverb delay the late reverber ation a dense cloud of complex wall...

Page 80: ...tooth wave gradually fades then jumps abruptly back When the frequency of the A or B Phonemes is shifted up or down entirely new effects can be produced These frequency controls can also be used to tune the phoneme frequencies to the range of audio you are processing Frequency T i m e Phoneme A Phoneme B A E I O U AA AE AH AO EH ER IH IY UH UW B D F G J K L M N P R S T V Z List of Available Phonem...

Page 81: ...e enhanced by using an optional 1 millisecond lookahead in the Gate s envelope detector Together with the Threshold setting tuning the Release time parameter is very useful in order to achieve the least obtrusive most natural sounding gating effect which is highly dependent on the specific program material being processed The gate does not offer an adjustable wet dry mix parameter but does supply ...

Page 82: ...c may make the gating effect obvious if the background signal being gated out is very noisy Max Gain Reduction This parameter sets the attenuation that will be applied to the signal when the Gate is shut off The Gate control signal will swing between 0dB and this value as the Gate turns on and shuts off To perform a strict gating operation Max Gain Reduction would normally be set to infinity in or...

Page 83: ... the input signal Its most rightward maximum value of 0dB represents a unity gain path through the Gate in its turn on state Except for the possibility of the 1 millisecond lookahead latency the Gate behaves exactly as a straight wire in this turned on state Values less than 0dB represent the amount by which the input signal is being attenuated as the Gate shuts off The most leftward gain shutoff ...

Page 84: ... simulate use of a guitar volume pedal for gently fading in each note Ambience Reduction can be used like a gate to suppress ambient reverbera tions that below a certain threshold Threshold Release Threshold 0 dB Release Level Sustain Level Attack Time Decay Time Hold Time Release Time 0 dB Original Waveform Reshaped Waveform When the input signal exceeds an adjustable Threshold the Attack phase b...

Page 85: ... PatchMix nominal operating point of 12dBFS Attack Time This parameter controls the time in milliseconds that is required during the Attack phase for the gain rise from its quiescent Release Level to unity gain or 0dB Decay Time This parameter controls the time in milliseconds that is required for the gain to fall from 0dB down to the attenuated Sustain Level Note that if the Sustain Level is set ...

Page 86: ...r is Disabled the Reshaper s ADSR engine will wait until at least the Release phase of a cycle before restarting a new Attack phase By setting Attack Retrigger to Enabled however the Reshaper becomes sensitive to new input signal transients during any phase of the ADSR cycle In addition enabling this parameter will also cause the attack to restart at the Release Level instead of whatever gain was ...

Page 87: ...reo where filter parameters are adjusted identically for both channels or split Left and Right where the left and right channels support completely independent filter types and parameter values In addition to a standard Bypass switch the effect offers an adjustable wet dry mix parameter While not normally found on EQ sections adjustable wet dry mixtures can be useful for generating phase cancellat...

Page 88: ...nel Left or only to the right channel Right Filter Mode This parameter selects one of 5 different filter types Lowpass Highpass Lowpass Highpass Band Pass or Band Cut Lowpass The frequency response of the lowpass filter looks something like the diagram below In this mode the Lowpass filter can have up to a 48dB octave rolloff slope In this mode the Lowpass Rolloff Lowpass Frequency and Lowpass Res...

Page 89: ...rge Note that while the Highpass Lowpass combination appears the same as the Band Pass filter this mode is different in several important respects The rolloff points are independently adjustable as individual frequencies rather than specified as a combination of center frequency and bandwidth The rolloff slope of each High and Low filter can be specified separately while the Bandpass and Band Cut ...

Page 90: ... specified separately while the Band Cut filter uses the same Resonance at high and low corner frequencies Band Pass In this mode the Lowpass and Highpass filters are connected in series to form a bandpass filter whose Center Freq and Bandwidth parameters are used to generate the rolloff frequencies for the underlying Lowpass and Highpass filters In this mode the rolloff slope on the high and low ...

Page 91: ...elease Soft Knee Max Comp Neg Comp Compressor Delay 0 50mS Level Detector Gain Control Threshold Ratio Gain Gate Sidechain Input Mode Gain Cells SIGNAL PATH SIDECHAIN Note that the effect is split between a signal path and a sidechain path that contains the compressor s level detectors and gain computation The signal path of the RFX Compressor is very close to a straight wire with only a delay lin...

Page 92: ...eduction imposed by the compressor on the input signal Because this is a compression meter and not a level meter the same input signal level will show widely varying meter readings depending on the setting of the Ratio parameter 0dB 1 1 1 1 5 1 2 1 3 1 10 1 1 30dB 80dB Threshold 30dB 8 Tip A ratio of Infinity 1 combined with high threshold and fast attack release results in an effective peak limit...

Page 93: ...put signal results in a 0dB or lower output signal In this mode indicated by the Threshold legend the Gain parameter adjusts the output level from that 0dB input signal to fall anywhere in the range of 0dB down to 60dB Advanced Parameters This parameter controls whether the Advanced Parameters listed in this section are hidden or exposed on the screen For simple applications quick edits or for nov...

Page 94: ...ws the additional gain added to signals below the Threshold 5 Effects Core Effects Descriptions 94 Creative Professional Tip Setting a high Ratio with the Threshold at 0dB and the Soft Knee at 60dB creates a compressor whose ratio varies smoothly from gentle compression at lower signal levels to peak limiting at maximum signal level In the region between the lower knee and upper Threshold a variab...

Page 95: ...s of other parameters This can be seen by the arrows in the diagram as the gain is reduced below the Gate threshold back down to the dotted line representing unity gain The result is that if the Gain parameter is set negative or the Soft Knee parameter is disabled the Gate parameter will have no effect Lookahead Delay Sharp waveform peak is missed by compressor Add Lookahead neg values to compress...

Page 96: ...ending on different selectable characteristics of the input signal In Program dependent mode release times are increased depending on how often how long and by how much the input signal program material exceeds the Threshold Release times increase slowly under sustained excursions of the input over the Threshold and typically return back to normal within a few seconds after the signal level has fa...

Page 97: ...ut since Auto Makeup gain doesn t automatically take the compressor tail into account Unlike analog compressors the Max Compression parameter allows you to adjust the amount of gain reduction before the compressor returns to a 1 1 gain curve The diagram shows three settings of the Max Compression parameter the compressor gives up and returns to 1 1 after 6 15 and 24dB of compression have been exha...

Page 98: ...90 L Stereo Strip Input Mode The Input Mode parameter allows the compressor signal path and sidechain to be driven in common or by separate inputs This is a feature of many compressors and is useful for a range of applications and special effects By default the Input Mode of the compressor is Stereo In this mode the two independent left and right signal paths are gain controlled by a parallel side...

Page 99: ...po of song Gain Adjust to make up for lost volume Soft Knee Adjust as desired Comp Lookahead This can be used instead of the Attack control Max Compression Unlimited Smoothing out the Bass Guitar Level This setup evens out the volume and prevents the bass guitar from wandering in and out of the mix Threshold 24dB adjust according to the sound Ratio 4 1 Attack 8 msec Release 70 msec Gain 4dB adjust...

Page 100: ...soft passages Ratio 2 1 Attack 0 1 msec Release 100 msec Gain Set to compensate for lost gain Soft Knee Off Gate Off Comp Lookahead 0 msec Auto release Off Max Compression 12dB Backwards Drums Cymbals This is a special effect which reverses the volume envelope of cymbals and drums Threshold 37dB adjust according to the sound Ratio 1 1 Neg Compression enabled Attack Instantaneous Release 200 msec G...

Page 101: ...ip Creating a De esser Multimode EQ Settings You can boost the low frequencies in the right channel to create a de boomer The left channel is set flat no EQ The right channel boosts hi frequencies Left Channel Lowpass mode Lowpass Rolloff Off Right Channel Highpass mode 24dB oct HP Frequency 8173Hz HP Resonance 36 Compressor Settings Lookahead gives the compressor time to react to the vocal sibila...

Page 102: ... VST chain if the host application supports this feature Input Signal Present Output Signal Present FX Presets FX Parameters FX Palette E MU PowerFX On Off Preferences Preset Editing FX Inserts Cubase SX SL 2 0 Nuendo and Sonar using the Cakewalk VST adapter 4 4 1 implement VST 2 X auto delay compensation Parameter Description PowerFX On Off Enables or bypasses E MU PowerFX FX Palette Select from ...

Page 103: ...t in the center Insert Strip it will highlight in yellow then adjust the effects parameters in the right section of the window 7 You can also select or edit User Presets from the section below the FX parameters See the User Preset Section for more information Add Delay Compensation if needed If you are using Cubase VST 5 1 you will have to insert an E Delay Compensator into any other audio tracks ...

Page 104: ...result in unpredictable behavior 7 To edit Automation first enable both Automation Write and Automation Read and press Play Cubase LE begins overwriting as soon as you change a control 8 If you don t like the results and want to try again select Show Used Automation from the Project menu The Automation Subtrack appears Next click in the Parameter Display and select Remove Parameter Note This only ...

Page 105: ...f Steinberg WaveLab 4 Yes On Off Steinberg WaveLab Lite ver 4 Yes On Off Steinberg WaveLab 5 No Pops clicks may occur Try 8 buffers at 1024 On Either Sony Acid 4 Yes On Off Sony Vegas 5 Yes On Off Sony SoundForge 7 No Power FX crashes when launched On Off Adobe Audition 1 5 No Audio distortion immediate lockup Any Any FruityLoops Studio 4 5 Yes Off On Ableton Live 3 5 No Distortion when FX paramet...

Page 106: ...owerFX processed tracks to another track in realtime Check Realtime Render in the Render dialog box when using Cubase LE Cubase SX2 or Cubase SL2 This setting will give the best results Tips for using Freeze Mode on Cubase LE Make the project length as short as possible Freeze always renders the entire project length even if the MIDI track being rendered is shorter Great Tip Temporarily bypass E M...

Page 107: ...u to route VST inserts or Sends to Physical Inputs and Outputs via PatchMix DSP E Wire has three main components A VST plug in which handles the audio routing to PatchMix DSP An ASIO mixer strip in PatchMix DSP configured to route audio to the E Wire plug in You simply drop the effects you want to use into this strip For hosts that don t support automatic delay compensation a manual delay compensa...

Page 108: ...ug in by pressing the blue button 11 Set the ASIO Send and Return on the E Wire plug in to match the strip you set up for E Wire 12 Done E Delay Compensation An E Delay Compensator must be inserted into any other audio tracks that are not using E Wire in order to keep them time aligned 13 Simply insert an E Delay Compensator plug in into the same insert location you used for E Wire on any other au...

Page 109: ...ator into each track that doesn t use a PowerFX or E Wire send The E Delay Compensator utility plug in is used to manually compensate for the transfer delay for hosts that DO NOT support plug in delay compensation The E Delay Compensator plug in is used to delay the dry tracks tracks without a PowerFX or E Wire as an insert effect or auxiliary send channels For each dry track or send add an E Dela...

Page 110: ...elay Compensator with different numbers of PowerFX E Wire sends on each track The delay compensation on each track must equal the track with the maximum number of PowerFX E Wire sends See the diagram below Track 1 Cubase VST or Cubasis PowerFX or E Wire PowerFX or E Wire Track 2 E Delay 1 Track 3 Insert Insert Insert Insert Insert PowerFX or E Wire PatchMix DSP E Delay 2 Since track 1 uses two Pow...

Page 111: ...PDIF optical is disabled The ADAT optical interface was originally designed to carry 8 channels at a 48kHz sample rate We use the Sonorus S MUX standard to encode audio with higher sample rates onto the ADAT light pipe In this multiplexing scheme two ADAT channels are used to carry one 88 2k or 96k stream and four ADAT channels are used to carry one 176k or 192k audio stream In order to use the AD...

Page 112: ...2 Microphone 2 2 2 Line 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 Line 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 Line 3 output 2 2 2 S PDIF 2 2 2 2 0 0 Total 8 8 8 8 8 8 or or At the 192kHz sample rate you may choose one of these three options 1 Keep all Analog I O but lose S PDIF 3 Keep S PDIF ADAT but lose 2 Keep all Analog I O but lose ADAT Line Inputs 2L 2R Line Outputs 3L 3R 6 Appendix Using High Sample Rates 112 Creative Professional ...

Page 113: ...urate without sample rate conversion or bit truncation When running PatchMix at 44kHz 48kHz if there is a mismatch between the WDM playback audio content and the PatchMix sample rate sample rate conversion is performed so that WDM audio will always be heard or recorded Also such non native sample rate audio is truncated to 16 bits When running PatchMix at the higher sample rates of 88 2kHz 96kHz 1...

Page 114: ...e is needed as long as PatchMix is set to receive its word clock signal from the external device The external A D is the Master and the E MU DAS is the Slave When the MicroDock is connected to the 1010 PCIe card the digital I O on the PCIe card is disabled Use the digital I O on the MicroDock 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 7 51 Set External Device to receive External ADAT Sync ADAT Out ADAT In PatchMix DSP suppl...

Page 115: ... or TRS Tip Ring Sleeve 1 4 phone plugs Balanced 1 4 TRS Connectors Balanced XLR Connectors Unbalanced 1 4 Connectors Balanced cables have one ground shield connection and two signal carrying conductors of equal potential but opposite polarity There is one hot or positive lead and a cold or negative lead At any point in time both conductors are equal in voltage but opposite in polarity Both leads ...

Page 116: ...se adapters can be found at most stores that sell audio equipment Digital Cables Don t cheap out Use high quality optical fiber Toslink ADAT cables It s also a good idea to keep digital cabling as short as possible 1 5 meters for plastic light pipes 5 meters for high quality glass fiber light pipes Use low capacitance video grade cable for coaxial S PDIF to avoid data corruption AES EBU to S PDIF ...

Page 117: ...e the signal is converted into digital form The audio mutes for a second when phantom power is turned on After turning phantom power off wait two full minutes before recording to allow the DC bias to drain from the coupling capacitors since the bias could affect the audio headroom 1 grd 3 2 48V Balanced dynamic microphones are not adversely affected by phantom power An unbalanced dynamic microphon...

Page 118: ...4 1kHz 48kHz 88 2kHz 96kHz WDM 2 in 4 out at 176 4kHz 192kHz EDI E MU Digital Interface Proprietary 64 channel audio link over CAT 5 cable Anti Pop Protection Anti pop speaker protection minimizes noise during power up ULTRA LOW JITTER CLOCK SUBSYSTEM Measured via Audio Precision 2 SRSync SourceRMS jitter in picoseconds 44 1 kHz Internal Crystal 596ps 44 1 kHz Optical Input 795ps MicroDockm Power ...

Page 119: ...60 ohms MIC PREAMP LINE INPUT 2 Type E MU XTC combo mic preamp Hi Z line input w soft limiter Gain Range 60 dB Frequency Response min gain 20Hz 20kHz 0 0 0 1dB Stereo Crosstalk 1kHz min gain 1dBFS 115 dB HI Z LINE INPUT Input Impedance 1M ohm Max Level 18 dbV 20 2 dBu Dynamic Range A weighted 1kHz min gain 118 dB SNR A weighted min gain 118 dB THD N 1kHz at 1dBFS 105 dB 0006 MICROPHONE PREAMP Inpu...

Page 120: ...0 1 0 3 dB Dynamic Range A weighted 96 dB Signal To Noise Ratio 15mV RMS unbalanced input A weighted 96 dB THD N 1kHz 15 mV RMS input 90 dB 003 Stereo Crosstalk 1kHz at 1dBFS 80 dB Deviation from RIAA 0 2 0 3 dB 50Hz to 15kHz Input Capacitance 220 pF DIGITAL I O S PDIF 2 in 2 out coaxial transformer coupled 2 in 2 out optical software switchable with ADAT AES EBU or S PDIF switchable under softwar...

Page 121: ... x64 Drivers WDM 2 in 8 out at 44 1kHz 48kHz 88 2kHz 96kHz WDM 2 in 4 out at 176 4kHz 192kHz EDI E MU Digital Interface Proprietary 64 channel audio link over CAT 5 cable Anti Pop Protection Anti pop speaker protection minimizes noise during power up ULTRA LOW JITTER CLOCK SUBSYSTEM Measured via Audio Precision 2 SRSync SourceRMS jitter in picoseconds 44 1 kHz Internal Crystal 596ps 44 1 kHz Optic...

Page 122: ...d 120 dB THD N 1kHz at 1dBFS 105 dB 0006 Stereo Crosstalk 1kHz at 1dBFS 115 dB Output Impedance 560 ohms DIGITAL I O S PDIF 2 in 2 out coaxial transformer coupled 2 in 3 out optical software switchable with ADAT AES EBU or S PDIF switchable under software control ADAT 8 channels 24 bit 44 1 48 kHz 4 channels 24 bit 96 kHz S MUX compatible 2 channels 24 bit 192 kHz MIDI 1 MIDI in 1 MIDI out 16 chan...

Page 123: ...mensions L 7 75 L 196 mm W 7 25 W 184 mm H 1 625 H 41 mm 1010 PCIe Card Weight 0 30lb 0 14kg Dimensions L 6 5 165 mm H 4 0 102 mm 0202 Daughter Card Weight 0 25lb 0 10kg Dimensions L 5 04 128mm 6 Appendix Technical Specifications E MU PCIe Digital Audio Systems 123 ...

Page 124: ...base Digital Audio http www steinberg net ASIO Cubase Digital Audio http www steinbergusers com cubasele le_support php Cubase Users Group http www groups yahoo com group cubase messages Forums Unofficial E MU Forum http www productionforums com emu KVR Forum http www kvr vst com forum Driver Heaven Forum http www driverheaven net search php s MIDI Addict Forum http forum midiaddict com search php...

Page 125: ...ules These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation This equipment generates uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions may cause harmful interference to radio communications However there is no guarantee that interference to radio or television reception which ...

Page 126: ...B EN61000 3 2 2001 EN61000 3 3 1995 w A1 98 Australia New Zealand Compliance Information AS NZS 3548 1995 w A1 A2 97 Class B EN55022 1998 Class B Japan Compliance Information VCCI April 2000 Class B using CISPR 22 1997 Class B VCCI Acceptance Nos R 1233 C 1297 Attention for the Customers in Europe This product has been tested and found compliant with the limits set out in the EMC Directive for usi...

Page 127: ...ssor 93 Auto Volume Pedal using reshaper effect 84 Automating PowerFX 104 Auto Release RFX compressor 96 Auto Wah 66 Aux Bus 47 Auxiliary Effects Assignment 53 Auxiliary Returns 53 Auxiliary Sends 47 used as extra mix busses 53 B Background program disabling 31 Backward Cymbal Effect 100 Balance Control monitor 54 Balanced Cables 25 115 Band Cut Filter 90 Band Pass Filter 90 Bit Depth 118 Block Di...

Page 128: ...fter 72 gate 81 leveling amp 73 lite reverb 74 mono delays 75 multimode eq 87 order of 57 overview 55 palette 55 phase shifter 76 placing into an insert location 39 preset create new 60 delete 61 overwrite 61 rename 61 recording 57 reshaper 84 RFX compressor 91 rotary 76 selecting 56 stereo delays 78 stereo reverb 79 using in VST host application 102 vocal morpher 80 E MU 0202 Daughter Card descri...

Page 129: ... PDIF 19 22 Invert polarity 44 J Jitter Spec 1212M system 121 1616M system 118 L Label scribble strip 49 Latency monitoring without 41 LED indicators 22 Level Fader 49 Level Meter gate effect 83 Leveling Amp 73 Levels setting input 43 LFO flanger 71 phase shifter 76 vocal morpher 80 Limiter 68 Limiting Peaks 99 Line Level I O 0202 daughter card 20 MicroDock 25 Lite Reverb 74 Lookahead gate effect ...

Page 130: ...ing up 64 PatchMix DSP disabling 31 PCIe Specification 118 121 Peak Limiter 92 Peak Meters 42 Phantom Power 22 description 117 Phase Invert 44 Phase Shifter 76 Phoneme 80 Phono Input Specs 120 Physical Input Output Display 52 Pink Noise Generator 45 Playing CDs 37 Post Gain leveling amp 73 Power Switch MicroDock 16 PowerFX 102 resource availability 104 under Vista 102 Preamp microphone 22 turntabl...

Page 131: ...Wave Oscillator 45 Smooth Bass Guitar Level 99 Soft Knee RFX compressor 93 Soft Limiters 44 Software Installation 18 Solo button 49 insert 46 59 60 send return insert 51 Specifications 1212M System 121 1616M System 118 Stereo Delays 78 Stereo Reverb 79 Strip add new 37 input type 36 mixer 36 Submixing 47 Subwoofer Filter using multimode filter 87 Surround Sound channel chart 27 38 connections 27 p...

Page 132: ...Playback Behavior 113 Wet Dry Mix effects 59 White Noise Generator 45 Window Appearance Settings 117 Windows Media Player 37 multichannel sound playback 38 Windows Taskbar E MU icon 31 Windows Vista 18 Windows XP 18 X XLR Connector 22 Z Zero Latency Monitoring 41 ...