FLIR X6520sc Series, User Manual

Page 1: ...User s manual FLIR X6520sc series ...

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Page 3: ...User s manual FLIR X6520sc series T810207 r AA 43061 43086 en US iii ...

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Page 5: ... Introduction 9 5 1 Camera system components 9 5 2 System overview 9 5 2 1 View from the front bayonet mount 10 5 2 2 View from the rear 10 5 2 3 Back panel 11 5 3 Key features 12 6 Installing the camera 14 6 1 Mounting the camera 14 6 2 Powering the camera 14 6 2 1 Power supply 14 6 2 2 Power button 15 6 2 3 Camera boot up and cooling down 15 6 3 Adjusting the field of view 15 6 3 1 LCD screen 15...

Page 6: ...rocess 35 8 1 4 One point correction offset correction 36 8 2 Temperature calibration 36 8 2 1 Hypercal 36 8 2 2 Auto exposure 36 8 3 Bad pixel replacement 37 8 3 1 General 37 8 4 Camera file management 37 8 4 1 Procedure 37 8 5 Frame rate and integration modes 37 8 5 1 General 37 8 5 2 The ITR process 38 8 5 3 The IWR process 38 8 5 4 Procedure 39 8 6 Dynamic range extension superframing 39 8 7 C...

Page 7: ...ding the emissivity of a sample 69 16 3 Reflected apparent temperature 73 16 4 Distance 73 16 5 Relative humidity 73 16 6 Other parameters 73 17 About calibration 74 17 1 Introduction 74 17 2 Definition what is calibration 74 17 3 Camera calibration at FLIR Systems 74 17 4 The differences between a calibration performed by a user and that performed directly at FLIR Systems 75 17 5 Calibration veri...

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Page 9: ...In the case of a defect in a product covered by this warranty the product must not be fur ther used in order to prevent additional damage The purchaser shall promptly report any defect to FLIR Systems or this warranty will not apply FLIR Systems will at its option repair or replace any such defective product free of charge if upon inspection it proves to be defective in material or workmanship and...

Page 10: ...6 001707787 001776519 001954074 002021543 002021543 0002 002058180 002249953 002531178 002816785 002816793 011200326 014347553 057692 061609 07002405 100414275 101796816 101796817 101796818 102334141 1062100 11063060001 11517895 1226865 12300216 12300224 1285345 1299699 1325808 1336775 1391114 1402918 1404291 1411581 1415075 1421497 1458284 1678485 1732314 17399650 1880950 1886650 2007301511414 20...

Page 11: ...Disclaimers 1 1 8 3 Fonts DejaVu http dejavu fonts org wiki License Retrieved May 27 2015 T810207 r AA 43061 43086 en US 3 ...

Page 12: ...2 Infra red lens page 61 for lens cleaning Operating the camera outside of the specified input voltage range or the specified op erating temperature range can cause permanent damage Do not image extremely high intensity radiation sources e g the sun lasers or arc welders The camera is a precision optical instrument and should not be exposed to excessive shock and or vibration The camera contains s...

Page 13: ...dance with existing regulations for electronic waste Please contact your FLIR Systems representative for more details 3 5 Training To read about infrared training visit http www infraredtraining com http www irtraining com http www irtraining eu 3 6 Documentation updates Our manuals are updated several times per year and we also issue product critical notifi cations of changes on a regular basis T...

Page 14: ...apply to your particular camera model 3 8 Note about authoritative versions The authoritative version of this publication is English In the event of divergences due to translation errors the English text has precedence Any late changes are first implemented in English T810207 r AA 43061 43086 en US 6 ...

Page 15: ...u want to submit a question make sure that you have the following information to hand The camera model The camera serial number The communication protocol or method between the camera and your device for ex ample SD card reader HDMI Ethernet USB or FireWire Device type PC Mac iPhone iPad Android device etc Version of any programs from FLIR Systems Full name publication number and revision number o...

Page 16: ...c software Freeware and evaluation versions of PC Mac software User documentation for current obsolete and historical products Mechanical drawings in dxf and pdf format Cad data models in stp format Application stories Technical datasheets Product catalogs T810207 r AA 43061 43086 en US 8 ...

Page 17: ...nc yellow colored 50 Ω coaxial cable for triggering orange colored 50 Ω coaxial cable for lock in green colored 75 Ω coaxial cable for general purposes blue colored LCD extender cable with right angle USB connectors LCD connector protective cap There may also be additional items that you have ordered such as software or CDs 5 2 System overview The FLIR X6520sc infrared camera system has been devel...

Page 18: ... the front bayonet mount 1 Wi Fi antenna 2 Global status LED 3 Lens bayonet interface 4 Lens release latch 5 2 2 View from the rear Figure 5 2 View from the rear 1 Removable touch screen LCD 2 External cooling intake 3 External cooling exhaust T810207 r AA 43061 43086 en US 10 ...

Page 19: ...button 2 Status LED 3 Infrared remote sensor 4 Sync In 5 Sync Out 6 Power In 7 Lock in In 8 General purpose IO 9 Trigger In 10 Auxiliary port 11 GigE Vision 12 Camera Link Base 13 Camera Link Medium 14 Digital video interface 15 USB 16 Micro SD card T810207 r AA 43061 43086 en US 11 ...

Page 20: ... window size and window location are available for instant selection with a single command These presets can be used in Dynamic Range Extension DRX mode al so called superframing which allows the acquisition of thermal data from up to four user defined temperature ranges simultaneously then merges those streams into a single real time data stream that spans all four temperature ranges effectively ...

Page 21: ...h loca tion Simply position the camera and control it at a distance Wi Fi The camera includes a Wi Fi interface which enables it to be controlled by a smart phone iPhone or a tablet iPad Video color palettes The FLIR X6520sc camera supports a selection of standard and user defined color palettes or grayscale for DVI video Configuration management Save your camera configuration to the SD card e g w...

Page 22: ... holes 3 Camera left side M5 mounting holes 6 2 Powering the camera 6 2 1 Power supply The camera is powered through the red power connector 6 in Figure 5 3 Camera back panel description page 11 on the back panel When the 24 V DC power supply pro vided with the camera PN X1159 is connected the power button 1 in Figure 5 3 Cam era back panel description page 11 blinks slowly indicating that the cam...

Page 23: ...panel are green 2 in Figure 5 3 Camera back panel description page 11 6 3 Adjusting the field of view Once the camera is installed and operating its field of view is adjusted to suit the thermal scene being imaged This adjustment is done by selecting a suitable lens for the desired field of view and then fine tuning the camera position to the scene Use of the LCD screen is helpful during this proc...

Page 24: ...1 1 Detaching the touch screen LCD The LCD screen can be detached from the camera and used remotely when the camera is mounted in a hard to reach location Note The camera can still be operated without the LCD screen connected The LCD screen can be detached and attached while the camera is in operation 6 3 1 2 Procedure Follow the procedure below to install and detach the LCD screen from the camera...

Page 25: ...h as shown in the figure below The screen automatically detects its orientation and flips the interface accordingly The orientation can be locked in the ResearchIR Max camera user interface see section 6 4 8 Advanced camera controls page 25 6 3 2 Lens A large range of lenses is available for the FLIR X6520sc The lenses feature a professio nal bayonet mount with a lock Each lens is identified throu...

Page 26: ...tector is a very sensitive sensor It must not be directed toward strong light e g sunlight Do not touch the lens surface when you install the lens If this happens clean the lens according to the instructions in section 12 1 2 Infrared lens page 61 Lenses can be heavy so take care not to be surprised by their weight Some lenses weight several hundred grams When you have removed the infrared lens pu...

Page 27: ...ensitive sensor It must not be directed toward strong visible light e g sunlight Do not touch the lens surface when you install the lens If this happens clean the lens according to the instructions in section 12 1 2 Infrared lens page 61 Using extension rings requires a good understanding of their radiometric effects and the resulting measurement errors The Infrared Training Center ITC offers cour...

Page 28: ...nnect camera connector 1 to the first port of the frame grabber ResearchIR Max software supports a variety of frame grabbers Contact your FLIR sales representative for more information on compatibility 6 4 1 2 Connection through the GigE interface The FLIR X6520sc features a GigE connection The GigE interface can be used for im age acquisition and or camera control The GigE interface is GigE Visio...

Page 29: ...g Camera Link 3 Click the Connect button to activate the camera connection Once connected the camera control interface is populated with the camera parameters and the live image is displayed on the current tab 6 4 3 Image size adjustment 6 4 3 1 General The FLIR X6520sc can be set up to use only part of the detector This allows the camera can be operated at higher frame rates The selection is done...

Page 30: ...l A measurement configuration is a combination of optical setup lens and spectral filter integration mode setting and Camera Link setting The measurement configurations available in the camera are displayed in the FLIR Re searchIR Max interface Each configuration is described with minimum and maximum calibrated temperatures the lens and filter type the integration mode ITR or IWR and the Camera Li...

Page 31: ... that can be measured for a given integration time 1 Integration time for the range Double click on the integration time to manually enter a value The range is indicated in red and will be applied to the camera after clicking on the Apply Configuration button 2 Drag the range slider to adjust the integration time The corresponding lower and upper temperatures of the range are displayed The range i...

Page 32: ...neral The frame rate is the number of images taken by the camera per second Achievable frame rates are based on the camera settings the camera overhead and the integration settings 6 4 7 Synchronizing the camera to an external signal 6 4 7 1 General Note Refer to section 8 7 Camera synchronization page 40 for detailed information on synchronization The camera can be synchronized to an external sig...

Page 33: ...r than the maximum allowable frame rate a warning message is displayed In this case the input signal is under sampled 4 The jitter on the Sync In signal which is typically one pixel clock is displayed here 5 The integration time length is displayed here The integration time is defined in the measurement range panel 6 A delay between the Sync In signal and the start of integration time can be defin...

Page 34: ...nding to the exact optical path filter lens and detector configuration If no measurement configuration is available in the camera selecting this option will have no effect For lenses with the M80 mount no automatic lens identification this setting has no effect Synchronize filter on measurement configuration When this option is checked default the filter corresponding to the selected measurement c...

Page 35: ...amera diagnostics Click the refresh button to update the temperature values Miscellaneous This section lists the firmware version information the model and the serial number of the camera Image Statistics The image statistics as measured by the camera are shown here Click the refresh button to update the statistics values T810207 r AA 43061 43086 en US 27 ...

Page 36: ...e filter switch off the camera and manually rotate the wheel to place the filter to be removed in front of the detector 3 Gently insert the two pins of the filter holder tool into the corresponding holes 4 Rotate the filter holder counterclockwise to release the holder from the wheel 5 Gently remove the holder from the camera and store it in its case 7 1 2 Installing an optical filter holder Note ...

Page 37: ...n you install the filter If this happens clean the filter according to the manufacturer s instructions Wear gloves or finger tips to handle the filter 7 1 4 1 General You can configure a filter holder to use your own spectral filter You need an empty holder P N SC8_SC6_FILT_HOLD contact your FLIR representative for more information on blank filter holders 7 1 4 2 Procedure Follow the procedure bel...

Page 38: ...us effects it is recommended that the filters are installed with the least reflective side downwards in the filter holder i e toward the detector Filters are fragile Handle them with the great care Do not touch the filter surface when you install the filters If this happens clean the fil ter according to the manufacturer s instructions Wear gloves or finger tips to handle the filters A set of filt...

Page 39: ... slot is defined in the camera s slot ini file and a filter s definition is stored in a text file in the camera Slot ini file is a text file containing the holder identification and the corresponding filter numbers Holder XXX F1 FYYYY F2 FZZZZ Where XXX is the unique identifier of the slot and YYYYand ZZZZ are filter numbers re ferring to the existing FYYYY txt and FZZZZ txt files respectively For...

Page 40: ...tain all the sections described below The values in each section must not be longer than the specified number of characters It may be easier to copy an existing filter file and modify it reference max 20 char reference F1201 The filter reference This reference is used in the Slot ini file and must start with the capital letter F name max 20 char name NA_4094_4388_60 The user friendly name that is ...

Page 41: ...he camera Refer to section 6 4 4 Measurement configuration page 22 Accessing camera files exposes the camera system files Do not erase or modify files other than the configuration files CNUC files are accessible by an FTP connection to the camera Refer to section 9 2 USB connection page 47 to connect to camera files 7 2 1 2 Procedure 1 Connect your camera to your computer through the USB port 2 Yo...

Page 42: ...in ResearchIR Max Recording ResearchIR Max is currently recording an image sequence 4 Press the start stop acquisition button to start or stop the image sequence acquisition in ResearchIR Max 7 4 Infrared remote 7 4 1 General The FLIR X6520sc can be controlled with the provided infrared remote or any XLR cam era remote control using the Nikon protocol The actions available are as follows Start acq...

Page 43: ...e two types of processes that are used to create the NUC table one point and two point 8 1 2 CNUC 8 1 2 1 General CNUC is a proprietary calibration process A camera calibrated with CNUC allows for flexible integration time adjustments without the need to perform NUCs Additionally the CNUC calibration produces accurate measurement stability regardless of the camera s exposure to ambient temperature...

Page 44: ...produces accurate meas urement within 1 C or 1 over the configured measurement range Therefore it makes the selection of the optimal measurement range for a given thermal scene an easy task Note 1 C or 1 accuracy is standard for the FLIR X6520sc unless explicitly speci fied otherwise Typically calibration on custom spectral filters or custom optical configu rations have higher accuracy tolerances ...

Page 45: ...4915 DL but 4915 DL Bad pixels relative to its level of root mean square RMS noise In this case the sys tem will consider a pixel as bad if the RMS noise is lower or higher than the predefined threshold For instance if the threshold is 3 5 and the mean and standard deviation of the noise image are respectively 5 0 and 1 0 the system will determine a pixel as bad if the RMS noise is 8 5 With the ab...

Page 46: ...ximum frame rate calculations Data width 8 number of columns number of columns number of rows 50 M Dead time 246 32 µs Integration time User defined 320 ns integration time 11 minutes Frame rate 1 integration time data width dead time Table 8 2 shows the ITR calculations for a typical frame setting of 640 512 with an inte gration period of 2 0 ms Table 8 2 ITR maximum frame rate calculations 640 5...

Page 47: ...of 2 0 ms Table 8 2 IWR maximum frame rate calculations 640 512 2 0 ms integration time Data width 4 640 640 512 50 M 0 00656648 Dead time 249 28 µs Integration time 0 002 Frame rate Integration time data width dead time 1 0 00656648 0 00024928 1 0 00681576 146 72 8 5 4 Procedure Note The IWR mode is not available in all camera models Follow the procedure below to select the camera integration mod...

Page 48: ...egration time plus the readout time In IWR mode the integration phase of the current frame occurs during the readout phase of the previous frame In other words the ITR and IWR refer to whether or not the cam era will overlap the data readout and integration periods In ITR mode the data is not overlapped which means lower frame rates but this process provides a less noisy im age IWR mode can achiev...

Page 49: ... 5 V High state minimum voltage 3 5 V Low state maximum voltage 0 5 V Polarity User selectable Maximum frequency1 Maximum frame rate of the camera for a given de tector configuration2 Minimum pulse width 300 ns Impedance User selectable 50 Ω 10 MΩ Protection Voltage peaks 500 V 1 ns Overvoltage 15 V Reversed polarity Connector type Coaxial BNC jack 1 Some cameras also have a minimum frequency unsp...

Page 50: ...etected LED is blinking at the signal frequency Signal voltage is incorrect 8 7 2 Sync Out 8 7 2 1 General The Sync Out signal is synchronous with the Sync In or the frame rate if Sync In is not selected It can be used to synchronize other events with the camera It is a TTL signal The Sync Out setup is described in section 6 4 7 Synchronizing the camera to an exter nal signal page 24 8 7 2 2 Chara...

Page 51: ...ResearchIR Max will start or stop acquisition based on the Trigger In signal This is configured in the start and stop condi tions on the ResearchIR Max recording tab left panel When to use this configuration To capture a fugitive event The camera will acquire images but the software only re cords the frame of interest When a precise start for the recording time is required When only a few frames a...

Page 52: ...evaluation The FLIR X6520sc features a lock in signal input BNC connector on the back panel of the camera 7 in Figure 5 3 Camera back panel description page 11 The value of the signal is digitalized during the integration of the infrared image and em bedded within it It is then recorded by ResearchIR Max and stored in the sequence file image headers Files recorded with ResearchIR Max can subsequen...

Page 53: ...el description page 11 The value of the signal is digitalized during the integration of the infrared image and em bedded within it It is then recorded by ResearchIR Max and stored in the sequence file image headers The supported IRIG B formats are IRIG B12x The signal should be 3 1 3 Vpp maximum at 50 Ω or 6 Vpp for high impedance input T810207 r AA 43061 43086 en US 45 ...

Page 54: ... ad hoc WLAN network This connection allows control of image acquisi tion in ResearchIR Max from the camera same functions as on the LCD screen 9 1 2 Procedure Follow the procedure below to set up the peer to peer WLAN network 1 Connect the camera 2 Enter the password 1234567890 3 Configure the advanced parameters T810207 r AA 43061 43086 en US 46 ...

Page 55: ...tor that is used to access to the camera s internal file system Once connected the connection allows Access to the camera memory to upload configuration and CNUC files Access to the camera registry with the Res NETutility provided on request see sec tion 4 Customer help page 7 T810207 r AA 43061 43086 en US 47 ...

Page 56: ... the driver you need to configure the network interface see section 9 2 3 Configuration of the network interface page 52 Note The connection type to the camera is RDNIS over a USB connection The following operating systems are supported Microsoft Windows 7 32 and 64 bit Microsoft Windows Vista 32 and 64 bit Microsoft Windows XP SP2 9 2 2 USB driver installation This section applies to cameras with...

Page 57: ...ng driver 9 2 2 2 1 General When the USB driver has already been installed follow the procedure below to update the driver 9 2 2 2 2 Procedure 1 Disable the Ethernet connection between the camera and the computer 2 Connect the camera to the computer with the USB cable 3 Open Control Panel Device Manager 4 Under Network adapters find the device named FLIR Platinum USB 5 Right click and select Updat...

Page 58: ...Interfaces 9 6 Select Browse my computer for driver software 7 Select Let me pick from a list of device on my computer 8 Click the Have Disk button T810207 r AA 43061 43086 en US 50 ...

Page 59: ...ect Driver X8400sc X6500sc USB and click the Next button 11 Click Install this driver software anyway The driver is now installing If the installation does not progress correctly try unplugging the USB cable from the computer 12 Restart the computer T810207 r AA 43061 43086 en US 51 ...

Page 60: ...g the procedure in section 9 2 3 Configu ration of the network interface page 52 9 2 3 Configuration of the network interface 9 2 3 1 Procedure 1 Go to Network Connections open the Control Panel click Network and Internet click View network status and tasks and click Change adapter settings T810207 r AA 43061 43086 en US 52 ...

Page 61: ...Interfaces 9 2 Right click on the FLIR X8400sc X6500sc connection and click Properties then se lect Internet Protocol V4 and click the Properties button T810207 r AA 43061 43086 en US 53 ...

Page 62: ...cted to the computer using the USB cable The USB drivers must be correctly installed When the camera is connected to the computer with the USB cable the Ethernet con nection to the camera must be disabled type the address of the camera in Window Ex plorer The address can be in the form of The camera s IP address 169 254 242 23 The camera s SMB name Platinum 9 2 4 2 Procedure The Windows 7 default ...

Page 63: ...Interfaces 9 2 Set the LAN Manager authentication level to Send LM NTLM responses T810207 r AA 43061 43086 en US 55 ...

Page 64: ...Mechanical drawings 10 See next page T810207 r AA 43061 43086 en US 56 ...

Page 65: ...6580sc 41 28 mm 1 625 in 4800 g 5 X8400sc 47 90 mm 1 886 in 5100 g 5 Sheet Drawing No Size Check Drawn by Denomination A3 1 2 T130229 X6 X8xxx Basic dimension FRGU 2017 02 07 R D Instruments Modified 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A B C D E F G H 1 3 2 5 4 C F B D G E A 6 Rev A 1 3 Scale 2016 FLIR Systems Inc All rights reserved worldwide No part of this drawing may be reproduced stored in a retrieval syste...

Page 66: ...ior notice Please check http support flir com for latest changes 11 2 Note about authoritative versions The authoritative version of this publication is English In the event of divergences due to translation errors the English text has precedence Any late changes are first implemented in English T810207 r AA 43061 43086 en US 58 ...

Page 67: ...e Closed cycle rotary Stirling rooler Cooling temperature 80 K Operability 99 Mechanical environmental Dimensions L W H without lens 233 mm 150 mm 178 mm 9 17 in 5 91 in 7 01 in without LCD 233 mm 150 mm 221 mm 9 17 in 5 91 in 8 70 in with LCD Weight without lens 4 350 kg 9 590 lb without LCD 4 800 kg 10 580 lb with LCD Power supply 24 V DC Power consumption cooldown stab 48 W 35 W Operational tem...

Page 68: ...g edge Analog signals 1 0 10V BNC TRIGGER IN TTL singled ended BNC 300 ns pulse width Video output DVI 1080p30 Waveform generator Sinus triangle square TTL 0 5 V Frequency 0 001 Hz to 250 kHz GigE GigE Vision Yes Genicam On specific configuration only Camera link Connector type 1 Mini MDR26 Wi Fi type 802 11g Lenses Available optics L1008 MW 50 2 0 640 512 L1009 MW 25 2 0 640 512 L1019 MW 100 2 0 ...

Page 69: ...N If you use a lens cleaning cloth it must be dry Do not use a lens cleaning cloth with the liquids that are given in section 12 1 2 1 above These liquids can cause material on the lens cleaning cloth to become loose This material can have an unwanted effect on the surface of the lens 12 1 2 3 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Soak the cotton wool in the liquid 2 Twist the cotton wool to remove ex...

Page 70: ... FLIR Systems microcooler is equipped with a closed loop speed regulator which adjusts the cooler motor speed to regulate the detector temperature Typically the cooler runs at maximum speed for 7 10 minutes depending on model and then slows to about 40 of maximum speed As the gas pressure degrades the mo tor continues at maximum speed for longer and longer periods to attain operating temperature E...

Page 71: ... may be required to correct the interference 13 3 For the Canadian market Industry Canada Notice This Class A digital apparatus complies with Canadian standard ICES 003 Note d industrie Canada Cet appareil numérique de Classe A est conforme à la norme NMB 003 du Canada 13 4 For the whole world Proper disposal of electrical and electronic equipment EEE The European Union EU has enacted Waste Electr...

Page 72: ...hnologies Extech Instruments 2007 Ifara Tecnologías 2008 Salvador Imaging 2009 OmniTech Partners 2009 Directed Perception 2009 Raymarine 2010 ICx Technologies 2010 TackTick Marine Digital Instruments 2011 Aerius Photonics 2011 Lorex Technology 2012 Traficon 2012 MARSS 2013 DigitalOptics micro optics business 2013 DVTEL 2015 Point Grey Research 2016 Prox Dynamics 2016 Figure 14 1 Patent documents f...

Page 73: ...s The in depth expertise of these infrared specialists en sures the accuracy and reliability of all vital components that are assembled into your in frared camera 14 1 More than just an infrared camera At FLIR Systems we recognize that our job is to go beyond just producing the best infra red camera systems We are committed to enabling all users of our infrared camera sys tems to work more product...

Page 74: ...g at all times If you discover a problem with your camera local service centers have all the equipment and expertise to solve it within the shortest possible time Therefore there is no need to send your camera to the other side of the world or to talk to someone who does not speak your language T810207 r AA 43061 43086 en US 66 ...

Page 75: ...inal sources Heat thermal energy that is transferred between two objects sys tems due to their difference in temperature Heat transfer rate9 The heat transfer rate under steady state conditions is di rectly proportional to the thermal conductivity of the object the cross sectional area of the object through which the heat flows and the temperature difference between the two ends of the object It i...

Page 76: ...e small objects or details Temperature measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules and atoms that make up the substance Thermal energy total kinetic energy of the molecules that make up the object14 Thermal gradient gradual change in temperature over distance13 Thermal tuning process of putting the colors of the image on the object of analysis in order to maximize contrast T810207 r AA ...

Page 77: ...bject and the camera The relative humidity Temperature of the atmosphere 16 2 Emissivity The most important object parameter to set correctly is the emissivity which in short is a measure of how much radiation is emitted from the object compared to that from a per fect blackbody of the same temperature Normally object materials and surface treatments exhibit emissivity ranging from approx imately ...

Page 78: ... Look for possible reflection sources considering that the incident angle reflection angle a b Figure 16 1 1 Reflection source 2 If the reflection source is a spot source modify the source by obstructing it using a piece if cardboard Figure 16 2 1 Reflection source T810207 r AA 43061 43086 en US 70 ...

Page 79: ... thermocouple to measure reflected apparent temperature because a thermocouple measures temperature but apparent temperatrure is radiation intensity 16 2 1 1 2 Method 2 Reflector method Follow this procedure 1 Crumble up a large piece of aluminum foil 2 Uncrumble the aluminum foil and attach it to a piece of cardboard of the same size 3 Put the piece of cardboard in front of the object you want to...

Page 80: ... Span for best image brightness and contrast 7 Set emissivity to that of the tape usually 0 97 8 Measure the temperature of the tape using one of the following measurement functions Isotherm helps you to determine both the temperature and how evenly you have heated the sample Spot simpler Box Avg good for surfaces with varying emissivity 9 Write down the temperature 10 Move your measurement functi...

Page 81: ... is detected by the camera 16 5 Relative humidity The camera can also compensate for the fact that the transmittance is also dependent on the relative humidity of the atmosphere To do this set the relative humidity to the cor rect value For short distances and normal humidity the relative humidity can normally be left at a default value of 50 16 6 Other parameters In addition some cameras and anal...

Page 82: ...blishes the relation between emitted radiation the quantity value and the electrical output signal the indication This first step of the calibration procedure consists of obtaining a homo geneous or uniform response when the camera is placed in front of an extended source of radiation As we know the temperature of the reference source emitting the radiation in the second step the obtained output s...

Page 83: ...ers All FLIR Systems cameras are drift compensated when they are first delivered to the customer and when they are recalibrated by FLIR Systems serv ice departments 17 5 Calibration verification and adjustment A common misconception is to confuse calibration with verification or adjustment In deed calibration is a prerequisite for verification which provides confirmation that speci fied requiremen...

Page 84: ...eal situation they should all give the same output sig nal However each individual element has its own response so the output is not uniform This deviation from the ideal result is calculated and used to mathematically perform an image correction which is essentially a correction of the displayed radiation signal Some cameras do not have an internal flag In this case the offset update must be per ...

Page 85: ... well as the maximum reduction in heat He began the experiment by ac tually repeating Newton s prism experiment but looking for the heating effect rather than the visual distribution of intensity in the spectrum He first blackened the bulb of a sensi tive mercury in glass thermometer with ink and with this as his radiation detector he pro ceeded to test the heating effect of the various colors of ...

Page 86: ...aCl which was available in large enough natural crystals to be made into lenses and prisms is remark ably transparent to the infrared The result was that rock salt became the principal infra red optical material and remained so for the next hundred years until the art of synthetic crystal growing was mastered in the 1930 s Figure 18 3 Macedonio Melloni 1798 1854 Thermometers as radiation detectors...

Page 87: ...idance An infrared search system tested during this period was able to detect an approaching airplane at a distance of 1 5 km 0 94 miles or a person more than 300 meters 984 ft away The most sensitive systems up to this time were all based upon variations of the bolome ter idea but the period between the two wars saw the development of two revolutionary new infrared detectors the image converter a...

Page 88: ... the limit of visual perception in the deep red At the long wavelength end it merges with the microwave radio wavelengths in the millimeter range The infrared band is often further subdivided into four smaller bands the boundaries of which are also arbitrarily chosen They include the near infrared 0 75 3 μm the middle infrared 3 6 μm the far infrared 6 15 μm and the extreme infrared 15 100 μm Alth...

Page 89: ...m temperature generates black body radiation the characteristics of which are determined solely by the temperature of the cavity Such cavity radiators are commonly used as sources of radiation in tempera ture reference standards in the laboratory for calibrating thermographic instruments such as a FLIR Systems camera for example If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525 ...

Page 90: ...e 19 4 Blackbody spectral radiant emittance according to Planck s law plotted for various absolute temperatures 1 Spectral radiant emittance W cm2 103 μm 2 Wavelength μm 19 3 2 Wien s displacement law By differentiating Planck s formula with respect to λ and finding the maximum we have This is Wien s formula after Wilhelm Wien 1864 1928 which expresses mathemati cally the common observation that c...

Page 91: ...each temperature as described by Wien s displacement law 1 Spectral radiant emittance W cm2 μm 2 Wavelength μm 19 3 3 Stefan Boltzmann s law By integrating Planck s formula from λ 0 to λ we obtain the total radiant emittance Wb of a blackbody This is the Stefan Boltzmann formula after Josef Stefan 1835 1893 and Ludwig Boltz mann 1844 1906 which states that the total emissive power of a blackbody i...

Page 92: ...nce all of these factors are more or less wavelength dependent the subscript λ is used to imply the spectral dependence of their definitions Thus The spectral absorptance αλ the ratio of the spectral radiant power absorbed by an object to that incident upon it The spectral reflectance ρλ the ratio of the spectral radiant power reflected by an ob ject to that incident upon it The spectral transmitt...

Page 93: ...materi al i e a perfect mirror we have For a graybody radiator the Stefan Boltzmann formula becomes This states that the total emissive power of a graybody is the same as a blackbody at the same temperature reduced in proportion to the value of ε from the graybody Figure 19 8 Spectral radiant emittance of three types of radiators 1 Spectral radiant emittance 2 Wave length 3 Blackbody 4 Selective r...

Page 94: ...adiation is again partially absorbed but some of it arrives at the other surface through which most of it escapes part of it is reflected back again Although the progressive reflections become weaker and weaker they must all be added up when the total emittance of the plate is sought When the resulting geometrical series is summed the effective emissivity of a semi transparent plate is obtained as...

Page 95: ...t least to a trained operator It is then his responsibility to modify the measure ment situation to avoid the disturbance e g by changing the viewing direction shielding off intense radiation sources etc Accepting the description above we can use the figure below to derive a formula for the calculation of the object temperature from the calibrated camera output Figure 20 1 A schematic representati...

Page 96: ...e Equation 3 for Uobj Equation 4 This is the general measurement formula used in all the FLIR Systems thermographic equipment The voltages of the formula are Table 20 1 Voltages Uobj Calculated camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature Tobj i e a voltage that can be directly converted into true requested object temperature Utot Measured camera output voltage for the actual case Urefl Th...

Page 97: ...e are actually performing extrapola tion of the calibration curve when converting 4 5 volts into temperature Let us now assume that the object is not black it has an emittance of 0 75 and the trans mittance is 0 92 We also assume that the two second terms of Equation 4 amount to 0 5 volts together Computation of Uobj by means of Equation 4 then results in Uobj 4 5 0 75 0 92 0 5 6 0 This is a rathe...

Page 98: ...f radiation sources under varying measurement conditions LW cam era 1 Object temperature 2 Emittance Obj Object radiation Refl Reflected radiation Atm atmos phere radiation Fixed parameters τ 0 88 Trefl 20 C 68 F Tatm 20 C 68 F T810207 r AA 43061 43086 en US 90 ...

Page 99: ...Evaluation of infrared emission of clouds and ground as measured by weather satellites Defence Documentation Center AD 617 417 9 Öhman Claes Emittansmätningar med AGEMA E Box Teknisk rapport AGEMA 1999 Emittance measurements using AGEMA E Box Technical report AGEMA 1999 10 Matteï S Tang Kwor E Emissivity measurements for Nextel Velvet coating 811 21 between 36 C AND 82 C 11 Lohrengel Todtenhaupt 1...

Page 100: ...0 T 0 05 4 Aluminum polished sheet 100 T 0 05 2 Aluminum rough surface 20 50 T 0 06 0 07 1 Aluminum roughened 27 10 µm 0 18 3 Aluminum roughened 27 3 µm 0 28 3 Aluminum sheet 4 samples differently scratched 70 SW 0 05 0 08 9 Aluminum sheet 4 samples differently scratched 70 LW 0 03 0 06 9 Aluminum vacuum deposited 20 T 0 04 2 Aluminum weathered heavily 17 SW 0 83 0 94 5 Aluminum bronze 20 T 0 60 1...

Page 101: ...Brick firebrick 17 SW 0 68 5 Brick fireclay 1000 T 0 75 1 Brick fireclay 1200 T 0 59 1 Brick fireclay 20 T 0 85 1 Brick masonry 35 SW 0 94 7 Brick masonry plastered 20 T 0 94 1 Brick red common 20 T 0 93 2 Brick red rough 20 T 0 88 0 93 1 Brick refractory corundum 1000 T 0 46 1 Brick refractory magnesite 1000 1300 T 0 38 1 Brick refractory strongly radiating 500 1000 T 0 8 0 9 1 Brick refractory w...

Page 102: ... polished 34 T 0 006 4 Copper molten 1100 1300 T 0 13 0 15 1 Copper oxidized 50 T 0 6 0 7 1 Copper oxidized to blackness T 0 88 1 Copper oxidized black 27 T 0 78 4 Copper oxidized heavily 20 T 0 78 2 Copper polished 50 100 T 0 02 1 Copper polished 100 T 0 03 2 Copper polished commercial 27 T 0 03 4 Copper polished mechanical 22 T 0 015 4 Copper pure carefully prepared surface 22 T 0 008 4 Copper s...

Page 103: ...d steel electrolytic care fully polished 175 225 T 0 05 0 06 1 Iron and steel freshly worked with emery 20 T 0 24 1 Iron and steel ground sheet 950 1100 T 0 55 0 61 1 Iron and steel heavily rusted sheet 20 T 0 69 2 Iron and steel hot rolled 130 T 0 60 1 Iron and steel hot rolled 20 T 0 77 1 Iron and steel oxidized 100 T 0 74 4 Iron and steel oxidized 100 T 0 74 1 Iron and steel oxidized 1227 T 0 8...

Page 104: ... oxidized 100 T 0 64 2 Iron cast oxidized 260 T 0 66 4 Iron cast oxidized 38 T 0 63 4 Iron cast oxidized 538 T 0 76 4 Iron cast oxidized at 600 C 200 600 T 0 64 0 78 1 Iron cast polished 200 T 0 21 1 Iron cast polished 38 T 0 21 4 Iron cast polished 40 T 0 21 2 Iron cast unworked 900 1100 T 0 87 0 95 1 Krylon Ultra flat black 1602 Flat black Room tempera ture up to 175 LW 0 96 12 Krylon Ultra flat...

Page 105: ... SW 0 94 7 Nextel Velvet 811 21 Black Flat black 60 150 LW 0 97 10 and 11 Nichrome rolled 700 T 0 25 1 Nichrome sandblasted 700 T 0 70 1 Nichrome wire clean 50 T 0 65 1 Nichrome wire clean 500 1000 T 0 71 0 79 1 Nichrome wire oxidized 50 500 T 0 95 0 98 1 Nickel bright matte 122 T 0 041 4 Nickel commercially pure polished 100 T 0 045 1 Nickel commercially pure polished 200 400 T 0 07 0 09 1 Nickel...

Page 106: ... 9 Paint Aluminum vari ous ages 50 100 T 0 27 0 67 1 Paint cadmium yellow T 0 28 0 33 1 Paint chrome green T 0 65 0 70 1 Paint cobalt blue T 0 7 0 8 1 Paint oil 17 SW 0 87 5 Paint oil based aver age of 16 colors 100 T 0 94 2 Paint oil black flat 20 SW 0 94 6 Paint oil black gloss 20 SW 0 92 6 Paint oil gray flat 20 SW 0 97 6 Paint oil gray gloss 20 SW 0 96 6 Paint oil various colors 100 T 0 92 0 9...

Page 107: ...PVC plastic floor dull structured 70 LW 0 93 9 Platinum 100 T 0 05 4 Platinum 1000 1500 T 0 14 0 18 1 Platinum 1094 T 0 18 4 Platinum 17 T 0 016 4 Platinum 22 T 0 03 4 Platinum 260 T 0 06 4 Platinum 538 T 0 10 4 Platinum pure polished 200 600 T 0 05 0 10 1 Platinum ribbon 900 1100 T 0 12 0 17 1 Platinum wire 1400 T 0 18 1 Platinum wire 500 1000 T 0 10 0 16 1 Platinum wire 50 200 T 0 06 0 07 1 Porc...

Page 108: ...0 16 2 Stainless steel type 18 8 oxi dized at 800 C 60 T 0 85 2 Stucco rough lime 10 90 T 0 91 1 Styrofoam insulation 37 SW 0 60 7 Tar T 0 79 0 84 1 Tar paper 20 T 0 91 0 93 1 Tile glazed 17 SW 0 94 5 Tin burnished 20 50 T 0 04 0 06 1 Tin tin plated sheet iron 100 T 0 07 2 Titanium oxidized at 540 C 1000 T 0 60 1 Titanium oxidized at 540 C 200 T 0 40 1 Titanium oxidized at 540 C 500 T 0 50 1 Titan...

Page 109: ...T 0 8 1 Water snow 10 T 0 85 2 Wood 17 SW 0 98 5 Wood 19 LLW 0 962 8 Wood ground T 0 5 0 7 1 Wood pine 4 different samples 70 SW 0 67 0 75 9 Wood pine 4 different samples 70 LW 0 81 0 89 9 Wood planed 20 T 0 8 0 9 1 Wood planed oak 20 T 0 90 2 Wood planed oak 70 SW 0 77 9 Wood planed oak 70 LW 0 88 9 Wood plywood smooth dry 36 SW 0 82 7 Wood plywood untreated 20 SW 0 83 6 Wood white damp 20 T 0 7 ...

Page 110: ...2017 05 22 T505469 xml en US 39689 2017 01 25 T505013 xml en US 39689 2017 01 25 T506071 xml en US 43030 2017 06 07 T506072 xml en US 43030 2017 06 07 T506074 xml en US 42938 2017 05 30 T506077 xml en US 42896 2017 05 29 T506078 xml en US 42938 2017 05 30 T506082 xml en US 40134 2017 02 09 T506079 xml en US 40065 2017 02 07 T506080 xml en US 42787 2017 05 22 T505007 xml en US 42810 2017 05 23 T506...

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