2
Natural product (e.g., rubber)
Kindling factor analysis
Possible list of kindling factors
：
Part failure, leak or break
Unclassified or unknown type mechanical failure or malfunction
Cutting or welding too close
Unclassified or unknown type operational deficiency
Combustible too close to heat
Lightning
Potential fire hazard scenario
Combustible
Kindling factor
Growth rate
Output
Flammable or
combustible
liquid
Part failure, leak or break
Unclassified or unknown type
mechanical failure or malfunction
Cutting or welding too close
Unclassified or unknown type
operational deficiency
Ultra-fast
Scenario
selected
(Worst
case)
Volatile solid or
chemical
Part failure, leak or break
Unclassified or unknown type
mechanical failure or malfunction
Cutting or welding too close
Unclassified or unknown type
operational deficiency
Ultra-fast
Wood or paper
Cutting or welding too close
Medium -
Slow
Detection target: Both fire and smoke
Detection time definition
VFDS position as early stage alarm system. Select alarm reaction time as 30 seconds.
Hazard detection definition
T-Squared estimation -> Ultra-fast fire hazard
，
α
= 0.1878
，
t
g
= 30 seconds
Fire Heat Release Rate Q(kW) =
α
t
g
2
= 0.1878* 30
2
= 169 kW
Fire / smoke definition
Flame height. H
f
(m)= 0.166* Q
2/5
= 0.66* 169
2/5
≅
1.3 m
Heat Release Rate of convection part Q
c
(kW) = 0.8 *Q = 135.2 kW
Smoke cylinder temperature T
a
/dX (
/m)
℃
= 1.0
Smoke highest level H
max
(m) = 5.60×Q
c
1/4
(dT
a
/dX)
-3/8
=
5.60×135.2
1/4
(1.0)
-3/8
= 19.1
Smoke detection height H
s
(m) = 0.7×H
max
= 0.7× 19.1 = 13.4 m
