IBM 610, Manual Of Operation

Page 1: ...m IBM 610 Auto Point Computer...

Page 2: ...1957 by International Business Machines Corporation 590 Madison Avenue New York 22 N Y Printed in U S A Form 23 6335 0...

Page 3: ...ts 11 Rounding 1 2 Special Registers 1 3 Multiplication 1 4 Division 1 4 Simultaneous Divide and Multiply 1 5 Square Root 1 5 Programming Example 15 OUTPUT DEVICES CONTROL DEVICES Manual Keyboard Prog...

Page 4: ...IBM 610 Computer...

Page 5: ...manually from the keyboard 2 automatically from a punched paper tape pro gram automatically by control panel wiring Transfer between control devices is automatic Final or intermediate answers may be o...

Page 6: ...lot in which cars are mechanically stored in numbered slots and retrieved again from the same slot Register Within the machine data are stored on the drum in 84 addressable locations called registers...

Page 7: ...lected until a programming change is speci fied Obviously a following instruction could be written supplying only an operation and a second factor the machine using the selected register con tents as...

Page 8: ...epressed giving 0600000000000000 0000000000000000 5 The 2 key is depressed giving 0620000000000000 0000000000000000 6 The key is depressed giving 062 0000000000000 0000000000000000 7 The 7 key is depr...

Page 9: ...00000000 Minus Following the addition register 05 is selected The first occasion for the depression of this key is in giving a sign to a negative number being entered Depression of this key terminates...

Page 10: ...nged The selected register remains se lected One important use of this instruction is for the storage of intermediate results during calculation Register Before 01 000000000000001 7300000000000000 05...

Page 11: ...before the number is used again in an arithmetic op eration Example 25 SL Register Before 25 000000067142187 2180000000000000 After 25 00000067142187 2 1800000000000000 2 5 Selected When a number is...

Page 12: ...s in the high order position of the lower half of the register the number is said to be in right hand standard posi tion SRI 5 Shift Right 15 Fixed Point The depression of this key tells the machine t...

Page 13: ...lculation itself because the operations were actually performed within the selected register When X X or V are performed extra intermediate storage is required and to supply this need the machine has...

Page 14: ...on of this key tells the machine to divide the contents of the selected register by the contents of the next addressed register The quotient will ap pear in the A register In the process the contents...

Page 15: ...08 000000000000007 18 1 000000000000012 A xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx After 10 OOOOOOOOOOOOlOy 084 000000000000007 184 000000000000012 A i 000000000000180 Example 2 19 X A 17 Register Before 19 000000000000132...

Page 16: ...x is entered into the storage register The machine was actually ready to receive up to fifteen digits decimal point and sign but any lesser number of digits may be in serted The depression of the sig...

Page 17: ...notice that both values of x are developed in almost the same manner the exception being the sign of the radical Let us now store b in one additional register for use in developing the nu merators of...

Page 18: ...3 _ J i5 _ _36 _ 37 38 39 1 Instr No CI Oper Second Reg RegTSel After REMARKS 01 t T 2 01 INT 03 NT Z 20 tUT 20 X 1 A t fi N A X 03 A Vac a a copy A II y u vTo OZ X OZ A y A A jg Vae A 4 r A fji OA MA...

Page 19: ...operation at one time however the unit in control can shift automatically from itself to any other control unit as the needs of the problem in process dictate MANUAL KEYBOARD The keyboard is always in...

Page 20: ...ady to be read at the Program Tape Reader The first character encoun tered by the reader will be the first step in the pro gram to be executed TkB J Keyboard When the 610 is under the control of the p...

Page 21: ...pera tion steps that are used but never executed Program Tape Response Class The program tape punch and reader are eight channel devices Of these eight channels five are used for code symbols associat...

Page 22: ...on a code symbol will be punched in the program tape cor responding to each key depressed on the manual key board After passing through the program punch the tape accumulates in a slack loop between...

Page 23: ...ctually proc essed Thus on the 610 the programming itself does useful work DATA TAPE There may be occasions when it becomes desirable to record final or partial results in punched paper tape form eith...

Page 24: ...en he meant to divide in the sequence 08 09 then he must depress rel then 08 f 09 2 If the operator selects the register 15 when he meant to select 14 he depresses rel then 14 and proceeds as though n...

Page 25: ...Figure 11 Usual Tape Arrangement If the program is quite lengthy the program tape can be placed in the inside out reel rather than dupli cating the program each time The tape is mounted on the inside...

Page 26: ...as shown in Figure 14 so that the tape fits snugly into the tape reader pin guide plate and the tape punch die Be sure that the tape is threaded through the tape punch sensing guide exactly as shown...

Page 27: ...ner end of the tape free looping the tape around the tape reader Slide the tape down into position being care ful that it enters the tape chute not shown through Figure 18 the slot provided at the rea...

Page 28: ...hole code CONTROL PANEL Instructions can be directed to the computing por tion of the machine from the keyboard program tape and the control panel We have described the method of creating a program a...

Page 29: ...IG pDOp 7 o T o o N o o C o pDOg 8 o T o o N o o C o PUq pDOp 9 o T o o N o o C o pD lg 0 2 D 3 D 4 D 5 D 6 O O D 7 D 8 0 9 o o D l D ll O pD l3p D 14 D 15 D 16 D 17 D 18 D 19 D 20 D 21 D 22 D 23 D 24...

Page 30: ...wiring on the control panel Transferring Control to the Control Panel If a program involves several classes of instructions or transfers to other control devices the operator nor mally does not attem...

Page 31: ...OGRAM STEP hubs A 2 and A 3 emit im pulses in succession the machine selects the 02 regis ter On step A 4 the machine is prepared for the entry of data On step A 5 the machine transfers con trol to th...

Page 32: ...ter will not type the plus sign Similarly if the hubs are bridged the minus sign will be suppressed If the 0 hubs are bridged all zeros to the left of the most significant digit will be sup pressed Se...

Page 33: ...d to the do drop out terminal When the pu terminal has been impulsed a connection is established between the c common hub and its associated T trans ferred hub If the switch is at drop out as a result...

Page 34: ...machine is selected electrical con tact is estabHshed between the c hubs and the or hubs depending upon whether the number stored in the register is positive or negative This is accom plished by a twe...

Page 35: ...ts register 01 The balance test re lay immediately positions itself according to the sign of the contents of storage register 01 By control panel wiring the operator now sends an impulse from G 8 to t...

Page 36: ...utor The concept of chain wiring is very important to the process of panel wiring in that it provides greater capacity and flexibility Distributors Just above the center of the panel are eight sets of...

Page 37: ...in Figure 3 S On program steps C 6 and C 7 storage register 14 is selected If the contents of 14 are negative an electrical connection is established between C and terminals of the balance test relay...

Page 38: ...nd code on the tape tape section When a number is read by the data tape reader the read ing of the word end code causes the word end hub to emit an impulse This impulse notifies the com puter that the...

Page 39: ...e identical with those of the data tape punch The controls ex ercised over the program punch by the punch and DUP switches on the keyboard and the ptp hub are independent f H C Figure 41 Punch Sequenc...

Page 40: ...ce hub on the control panel emits an impulse that can be used to initiate the steps of sum mary and print out If our sample problem was merely to sum all of the numbers in the data tape our program co...

Page 41: ...to release the 01 register because the preceding sequence of instruc tion i e 01 ENT dtr has selected 01 cleared it and prepared it to receive data Because no data is actually entered an artificial in...

Page 42: ...read into the computer from any of the input devices Also the cathode ray tube provides imme diate visual reference to the contents of whatever register is selected at the moment Moreover the ma chin...

Page 43: ...number will be typed This in struction is used when it is not desired to move to the next tabular stop or carriage return In all three instructions above Register Selection cannot be changed when the...

Page 44: ...22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 _31 _ 32 33 W 36 _37 38 39 _ _ _ Reg Sel After r T Instr No CI First Reg Oper Second Reg REMARKS 01 EMT 2 02 ENT 03 fA r 2 20 fwr V 20 X 1 A V A A Af 03 A Vac a a COPY A II...

Page 45: ...ause the appropriate register to be selected the second will be dtp which will turn on the data tape punch and the third will be RO causing the information to be punched into the data tape A special w...

Page 46: ...arry out the simple calculation introduced in the program tape discussion namely evaluating Nil N2i Nn N21 given Nn and N i the operator proceeds as follows 1 Wire the control panel so that reading of...

Page 47: ...Figure 52 Five Channel At the end of each word on five channel data tape the machine automatically inserts a word end symbol The word end symbol is the same as in eight channel tape except that an ad...

Page 48: ...dard teletype code 2 Sequence Carriage return in the standard tele type code 3 Enter Figure shift in standard teletype code There are some tape codes that do not correspond among various teletype serv...

Page 49: ...e undesirable results If an operator uses dtr with data on the data tape he might temporarily wire the word end hub to kb The operator knowing what transfers his program con tains must decide whether...

Page 50: ...tion of the register is ready to receive a digit The sign of the number will be entered into the machine after all of the digits up to fifteen have been entered and will appear at the far left of the...

Page 51: ...to include decimal points in the numbers he enters in the various registers Whether he does or does not physically en ter decimal points in the numbers he must be aware of decimal placement at all ti...

Page 52: ...A 02 0 times 03 01 equals 0006020 After correct positioning of the decimal point A contains 0006 020 Another example with visualized points is X Z A 090 times 060 equals 005400 In these illustrations...

Page 53: ...ve number the machine ignores the sign and behaves as though the number were positive It should also be noted that the square root of 16 00 1600 0 and 160000 0 appear as the same number in the A regis...

Page 54: ...e shall review the functions of the keys switches and lights KEYS Operation Keys Briefly summarized the functions of these keys are ENT prepares the machine to enter data into a register from an input...

Page 55: ...til the position containing the decimal point is shifted next to the sign position of the selected register left hand standard or c Until fifteen shifts to the left have taken place in the selected re...

Page 56: ...bove the ribbon guide CR turns on the typewriter and returns the car riage to the left margin TAB turns on the typewriter and moves the car riage to the next tabulator stop Data Tape Punch Key DTP tur...

Page 57: ...ne to respond to any one class any combination of two classes any combination of three classes or all four classes Hence the switches may be set on or wired on in any com bination It is strongly recom...

Page 58: ...light comes on when an invalid number is entered Redund Light This light comes on when invalid information is given to the computer If an invalid character is cre ated within the computer any attempt...

Page 59: ...on and the on off switch is on the drum speed is maintained and the electronic tubes remain heated but the high voltage is off When the switch is put into operate from standby the machine is ready to...

Page 60: ...attention of the operator These checking features plus the inherent conservative de sign of the computer make for an unusually reliable machine In addition to these checking features listeid below ar...

Page 61: ...i ply additional time is required to complete the opera tion The additional times are given in the following table In the first programming example for obtaining the sum of three products Read Out Rea...

Page 62: ...of steps It is generally desirable therefore for all plans of calculation or programs for calculation to have an explicit listing giving the reason for each step In calculating with pencil and paper a...

Page 63: ...rfectly rigid The operator should allow himself the freedom of watching the develop ment of the calculation as it is performed and of changing his plans in mid calculation Most Frequent Types of Calcu...

Page 64: ...evaluate the product of the two numbers in registers 01 and 02 to put the product in the A register which remains selected P times Q 07 COPY A Addresses register 07 erases any pre vious content adds t...

Page 65: ...ter A is selected 02 Cj is added to the contents of the A regis ter X05 The product Cgy C2 y Cjy is formed in A register A register selected 01 Finally Cq is added to the product A regis ter selected...

Page 66: ...0 o c O o i C Q 1 N I W 1 Form 23 6335 0 8 57 5M 44951...