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IMDES CREATIVE SOLUTIONS
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4.1.4 Tombstoning comparing IR/Convection with/without N2/ Vapor-phase
A phenomenon often observed with tombstones is that they become more frequent the more the quality of the
soldering atmosphere improves. Analyzing this failure behavior of the assemblies in a typical production batch, the
tombstone effect is unknown with IR soldering. However, with convection soldering with good N2 atmosphere it
occurs quite frequently and in the vapor-phase machine most often. As all parameters i.e. print, pastes, mounting,
etc., of the respective assembly are the same there must be another reason. The reason for this differing
tombstone behavior lies in the different degree of oxidation of the solder-joint when reaching the flowing point of
the paste. With reduced oxidation on the solder-joint, the wetting force increases in the meniscus. As the
geometrical ratios in the solder-joint remain the same, a higher surface tension in the solder causes an increasing
lifting moment and thus a tombstone. This oxidation influence may be well observed in convection machines.
Switching-off the nitrogen supply is a frequently used trick to eliminate tombstoning with known failure-prone
assemblies.
Without nitrogen the oxidation increases and consequently the surface tension – thus reducing the lifting moment.
Therefore, the paste volume must always be reduced to minimize the lever-effect in the solder-joint (responsible
for the lifting- moment).
4.1.5 Bridging = short circuits (bridges between pads)
Definition: Solder connecting, in most cases, misconnecting two or more adjacent pads that come into contact to
form a conductive path
.
Possible Reasons:
Excessive solder paste slump.
Reflow profile not suitable i.e. Initial ramp rates too steep.
Soldering pads too big relative to gap between pads.
Too much solder on the pads due to incorrect stencil preparation.
Solder paste not active enough.
Bad seal between the stencil and the board during printing.
Mismatch between the stencil and PCB.
Poor component placement or poor component leg to PCB pad size relationship.
4.1.6 Solder Beads
Caused by solder paste being present underneath the components prior to reflow
Possible reasons:
Reflow profile not suitable, initial ramp too steep.
Too much solder on the pads caused by incorrect stencil specification.
Excessive solder paste slump.
Excessive placement pressure.
Incorrect print registration.