Technical Data
Fluids, Lubricants and Capacities
175
9821/6100-4
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regulated. Fuel sulfur levels affect exhaust emissions. High sulfur fuels also increase the potential for corrosion
of internal components. Fuel sulfur levels above 5% may significantly shorten the oil change interval.
(4) Regional regulations, national regulations or international regulations can require a fuel with a specific
sulfur limit. Consult all applicable regulations before selecting a fuel for a given engine application. Perkins
fuel systems and engine components can operate on high sulfur fuels in territories that are non-emissions
regulated. Fuel sulfur levels affect exhaust emissions. High sulfur fuels also increase the potential for corrosion
of internal components. Fuel sulfur levels above 0.5% may significantly shorten the oil change interval.
(5) The values of the fuel viscosity are the values as the fuel is delivered to the fuel injection pumps. Fuel should
also meet the minimum viscosity requirement and the fuel should meet the maximum viscosity requirements
at 40°C (103.9°F) of either the 'ASTM D445' test method or the 'ISO 3104' test method. If a fuel with a low
viscosity is used, cooling of the fuel may be required to maintain 1.4 cSt or greater viscosity at the fuel injection
pump. Fuels with a high viscosity might require fuel heaters in order to lower the viscosity to 4.5 cSt at the
fuel injection pump.
(6) Follow the test conditions and procedures for gasoline (motor).
(7) The lubricity of a fuel is a concern with low sulfur and ultra low sulfur fuel. To determine the lubricity of the
fuel, use the 'ISO 12156-1 or ASTM D6079 HFRR (High Frequency Reciprocating Rig)' test. If the lubricity of a
fuel does not meet the minimum requirements, consult your fuel supplier. Do not treat the fuel without consulting
the fuel supplier. Some additives are not compatible. These additives can cause problems in the fuel system.
Operating with fuels that do not meet the Perkins recommendations can cause the following effects: starting
difficulty, poor combustion, deposits in the fuel injectors, reduced service life of the fuel system, deposits in the
combustion chamber, and reduced service life of the engine.
Diesel Fuel Characteristics - Perkins Recommendation
Cetane Number
Fuel that has a high cetane number will give a shorter ignition delay. This will produce a better ignition quality.
Cetane numbers are derived for fuels against proportions of cetane and heptamethylnonane in the standard
CFR engine. Refer to 'ISO 5165' for the test method.
Cetane numbers in excess of 45 are normally expected from current diesel fuel. However, a cetane number of
40 may be experienced in some territories. The USA is one of the territories that can have a low cetane value.
A minimum cetane value of 40 is required during average starting conditions. A higher cetane value may be
required for operations at high altitudes or in cold weather operations. Fuel with a low cetane number can be
the root cause of problems during cold start.
Viscosity
Viscosity is the property of a liquid of offering resistance to shear or flow. Viscosity decreases with increasing
temperature. This decrease in viscosity follows a logarithmic relationship for normal fossil fuel. The common
reference is to kinematic viscosity. This is the quotient of the dynamic viscosity that is divided by the density.
The determination of kinematic viscosity is normally by readings from gravity flow viscometers at standard
temperatures. Refer to 'ISO3104' for the test method. The viscosity of the fuel is significant because fuel serves
as a lubricant for the fuel system components. Fuel must have sufficient viscosity in order to lubricate the fuel
system in both extremely cold temperatures and extremely hot temperatures. If the kinematic viscosity of the
fuel is lower than 1.4 cSt at the fuel injection pump damage to the fuel injection pump can occur. This damage
can be excessive scuffing and seizure. Low viscosity may lead to difficult hot restarting, stalling and loss of
performance. High viscosity may result in seizure of the pump. Perkins recommends kinematic viscosities of
1.4 and 4.5 mm²/sec that is delivered to the fuel injection pump.
Density
Density is the mass of the fuel per unit volume at a specific temperature. This parameter has a direct influence
on engine performance and a direct influence on emissions. This determines the heat output from a given
injected volume of fuel. This is generally quoted in the following kg/m at 15°C (59.0°F). Perkins recommends a
value of density of 841 kg/m in order to obtain the correct power output. Lighter fuels are acceptable but these
fuels will not produce the rated power.
Summary of Contents for 2069289
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