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2.
ɆɈɇɌȺɀ
2.1
ɍɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ
ɨɛɳɟɝɨ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ
B
ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ
ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬ
ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɩɨ
ɬɨɦɭ
ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ
,
ɞɥɹ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ
ɨɧ
ɛɵɥ
ɫɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ
ɢ
ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧ
.
ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ
ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬ
ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ
ɞɥɹ
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ
ɜɨɞɵ
ɞɨ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
ɧɢɠɟ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɢ
ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɦ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ
ɢ
ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɛɵɬɶ
ɩɨɞɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧ
ɤ
ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
ɢ
/
ɢɥɢ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
Ƚȼɋ
,
ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ
,
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ
ɢ
ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ
ɤɨɬɥɚ
.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ
ɞɥɹ
ɥɸɛɵɯ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɰɟɥɟɣ
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ
ɧɟɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
.
ɍɋɌȺɇɈȼɄȺ
ɄɈɌɅȺ
ȾɈɅɀɇȺ
ɈɋɍɓȿɋɌȼɅəɌɖɋə
ɌɈɅɖɄɈ
ɋɉȿɐɂȺɅɂɁɂɊɈȼȺɇɇɕɆ
ɉȿɊɋɈɇȺɅɈɆ
,
ɂɆȿɘɓɂɆ
ɉɊɈȼȿɊȿɇɇɍɘ
ɄȼȺɅɂɎɂɄȺɐɂɘ
,
ɉɊɂ
ɋɈȻɅɘȾȿɇɂɂ
ɉɊɂȼȿȾȿɇɇɕɏ
ȼ
ɇȺɋɌɈəɓȿɆ
ɌȿɏɇɂɑȿɋɄɈɆ
ɊɍɄɈȼɈȾɋɌȼȿ
ɂɇɋɌɊɍɄɐɂɃ
,
ȾȿɃɋɌȼɍɘɓɂɏ
ɁȺɄɈɇɈȼ
ɂ
ɉɊȿȾɉɂɋȺɇɂɃ
ɆȿɋɌɇɕɏ
ɇɈɊɆ
,
ȼ
ɋɈɈɌȼȿɌɋɌȼɂɂ
ɋ
ɉɊɂɇəɌɕɆɂ
ɌȿɏɇɂɑȿɋɄɂɆɂ
ɌɊȿȻɈȼȺɇɂəɆɂ
ɇɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɚɹ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ
ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ
ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢɬɶ
ɭɳɟɪɛ
ɥɸɞɹɦ
,
ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɦ
ɢ
ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ
,
ɡɚ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶ
ɧɟ
ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ
ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ
.
2.2
Ɇɟɫɬɨ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ
Ʉɨɬɟɥ
ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɛɵɬɶ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ
ɜ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ
ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɦ
ɞɥɹ
ɷɬɨɣ
ɰɟɥɢ
ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ
,
ɢɦɟɸɳɟɦ
ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ
,
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɭɸ
ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɸ
ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ
ɫ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ
ɧɨɪɦɚɦɢ
.
ȿɫɥɢ
ɜ
ɨɞɧɨɦ
ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ
ɢɥɢ
ɜɵɬɹɠɧɵɟ
ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɵ
,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ
ɜ
ɪɚɛɨɬɟ
,
ɬɨ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪ
ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ
ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɛɵɬɶ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ
ɞɥɹ
ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɜɫɟɯ
ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ
.
ȼ
ɦɟɫɬɟ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ
ɤɨɬɥɚ
ɧɟ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ
ɨɝɧɟɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ
ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɵ
ɢɥɢ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ
,
ɟɞɤɢɟ
ɝɚɡɵ
,
ɩɵɥɶ
ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɟ
ɥɟɬɭɱɢɟ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
,
ɡɚɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ
ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ
ɤ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɸ
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ
ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ
ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ
ɢɥɢ
ɝɨɪɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ
ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ
.
ɉɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ
ɞɨɥɠɧɨ
ɛɵɬɶ
ɫɭɯɢɦ
ɢ
ɧɟ
ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɬɶɫɹ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ
ɞɨɠɞɹ
,
ɫɧɟɝɚ
ɢɥɢ
ɦɨɪɨɡɚ
.
A
ȿɫɥɢ
ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬ
ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɫɪɟɞɢ
ɦɟɛɟɥɢ
ɢɥɢ
ɛɨɤɨɦ
ɤ
ɫɬɟɧɟ
,
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɟ
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ
,
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ
ɞɥɹ
ɞɟɦɨɧɬɚɠɚ
ɤɨɠɭɯɚ
ɢ
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ
ɪɚɛɨɬ
ɩɨ
ɬɟɯɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɸ
.
2.3
ɉɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
ɜɨɞɵ
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ
ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ
ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɛɵɬɶ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ
ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ
ɩɭɬɟɦ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ
ɜ
ɬɟɩɥɟ
ɜ
ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ
ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ
ɫ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ
ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɚɦɢ
.
Ⱦɥɹ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɯɨɪɨɲɟɝɨ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɢ
ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɫɪɨɤɚ
ɫɥɭɠɛɵ
ɤɨɬɥɚ
ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɞɨɥɠɧɚ
ɛɵɬɶ
ɢɦɟɬɶ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ
ɢ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ
ɜ
ɫɟɛɹ
ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ
,
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ
ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɢ
ɛɟɫɩɟɪɟɛɨɣɧɨɝɨ
ɬɨɤɚ
ɜɨɞɵ
.
ȼ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ
,
ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɬɪɭɛɵ
ɩɨɞɚɱɢ
ɜɨɞɵ
ɜ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ
ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ
ɢ
"
ɨɛɪɚɬɤɢ
"
ɩɪɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ
ɬɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ
,
ɱɬɨ
ɜ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɦɟɫɬɚɯ
ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɟ
ɩɭɡɵɪɢ
,
ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ
ɜ
ɷɬɢɯ
ɦɟɫɬɚɯ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɵɟ
ɤɪɚɧɵ
.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ
ɬɨɝɨ
,
ɜ
ɫɚɦɨɣ
ɧɢɠɧɟɣ
ɬɨɱɤɟ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ
ɫɥɢɜɧɨɣ
ɜɟɧɬɢɥɶ
ɞɥɹ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ
ɫɥɢɜɚ
ɜɨɞɵ
ɢɡ
ɧɟɟ
.
ȿɫɥɢ
ɤɨɬɟɥ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ
ɧɢɠɟ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
,
ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ
ɡɚɩɨɪɧɵɣ
ɜɟɧɬɢɥɶ
ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ
ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ
ɜɨɞɵ
ɜ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
.
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ
,
ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ
ɜɨɞɵ
ɜ
ɩɪɹɦɨɦ
ɢ
ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɦ
ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɚɯ
ɧɟ
ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɥɚ
20 °C.
B
ɇɟ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɣɬɟ
ɬɪɭɛɵ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ
ɞɥɹ
ɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ
.
ɉɟɪɟɞ
ɦɨɧɬɚɠɨɦ
ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɩɪɨɦɨɣɬɟ
ɜɫɟ
ɬɪɭɛɵ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɞɥɹ
ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ
ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɹɸɳɢɯ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
ɢɥɢ
ɩɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ
ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ
,
ɦɨɝɭɳɢɯ
ɩɨɦɟɲɚɬɶ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ
ɪɚɛɨɬɟ
ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ
.
ȼɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɟ
ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
ɬɪɭɛ
ɤ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ
ɲɬɭɰɟɪɚɦ
,
ɤɚɤ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ
ɧɚ
ɪɢɫ
. 22.
Ɇɟɠɞɭ
ɤɨɬɥɨɦ
ɢ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ
ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ
ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ
ɨɬɫɟɱɧɵɟ
ɤɥɚɩɚɧɵ
,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ
ɛɵ
ɜ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɤɨɬɟɥ
ɨɬ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
.
B
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ
ɬɚɤ
,
ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɬɪɭɛɵ
,
ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ
ɜɧɭɬɪɢ
ɤɨɬɥɚ
,
ɧɟ
ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɥɢɫɶ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚɦ
.
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ
ɜɨɞɵ
ɜ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
ȼ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
,
ɟɫɥɢ
ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ
ɜɨɞɵ
ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ
25° Fr (1°F = 10
ɱɚɫɬɟɣ
ɧɚ
ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧ
CaCO
3
),
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɚɹ
ɜ
ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
ɜɨɞɚ
ɞɨɥɠɧɚ
ɛɵɬɶ
ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɚ
,
ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɜ
ɤɨɬɥɟ
ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ
.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɜɨɞɵ
ɧɟ
ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɞɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ
ɟɟ
ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ
ɧɢɠɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
15°F
(
ɉɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɚ
236/88
ɩɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ
ɜɨɞɵ
ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
).
ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɣ
ɜɨɞɵ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ
ɜ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɧɵɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɢɥɢ
ɱɚɫɬɨɣ
ɩɨɞɚɱɢ
ɜ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ
ɪɟɤɭɩɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɜɨɞɵ
.
ȿɫɥɢ
ɜ
ɷɬɢɯ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ
ɜ
ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ
ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɣ
ɢɥɢ
ɩɨɥɧɵɣ
ɫɥɢɜ
ɜɨɞɵ
ɢɡ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
,
ɧɨɜɨɟ
ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ
ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ
ɜɨɞɨɣ
.
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ
ɫ
ɛɨɣɥɟɪɨɦ
ɞɥɹ
Ƚȼɋ
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ
ɩɥɚɬɚ
ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ
ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɞɥɹ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ
ɛɨɣɥɟɪɨɦ
ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɜɨɞɵ
Ƚȼɋ
.
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
ɬɪɭɛ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ
ɢ
Ƚȼɋ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɛɵɬɶ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ
ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ
ɫɨ
ɫɯɟɦɨɣ
ɪɢɫ
. 16 (
ɧɚɫɨɫɵ
ɢ
ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɟ
ɤɥɚɩɚɧɵ
ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ
).
ȼɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɟ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɫɬɜɢɢ
ɫɨ
ɫɯɟɦɨɣ
cap. 4.
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɣɬɟ
ɞɚɬɱɢɤ
LAMBORGHINI.
ɉɪɢ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ
ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ
ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɨɩɨɡɧɚɟɬ
ɞɚɬɱɢɤ
ɛɨɣɥɟɪɚ
ɢ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɧɚɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɧɚ
ɪɚɛɨɬɭ
ɫ
ɧɢɦ
,
ɜɵɯɵɜɚɹ
ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɸ
ɞɢɫɩɥɟɹ
ɢ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
,
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ
ɞɥɹ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɜ
ɪɟɠɢɦɟ
Ƚȼɋ
.
ɪɢɫ
. 16 -
ɋɯɟɦɚ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ
ɫ
ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ
ɛɨɣɥɟɪɨɦ
Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
8
ȼɵɯɨɞɧɨɣ
ɲɬɭɰɟɪ
ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ
Ƚȼɋ
9
ȼɯɨɞɧɨɣ
ɲɬɭɰɟɪ
ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ
Ƚȼɋ
10
ȼɵɯɨɞɧɨɣ
ɲɬɭɰɟɪ
ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ
11
Ɉɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ
ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ
2.4
ɉɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ
ɤ
ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɭ
B
ɉɪɟɠɞɟ
ɱɟɦ
ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ
ɤ
ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɸ
ɤɨɬɥɚ
ɤ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
ɝɚɡɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ
,
ɭɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɶɬɟɫɶ
,
ɱɬɨ
ɤɨɬɟɥ
ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ
ɞɥɹ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɢɦɟɧɧɨ
ɧɚ
ɞɚɧɧɨɦ
ɜɢɞɟ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ
ɢ
ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɩɪɨɱɢɫɬɢɬɟ
ɜɫɟ
ɝɚɡɨɜɵɟ
ɬɪɭɛɵ
ɞɥɹ
ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
,
ɦɨɝɭɳɢɯ
ɩɨɦɟɲɚɬɶ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ
ɪɚɛɨɬɟ
ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ
.
Ƚɚɡ
ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ
ɤ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦɭ
ɩɚɬɪɭɛɤɭ
(
ɫɦ
.
ɪɢɫ
. 22)
ɫ
ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟɦ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ
ɧɨɪɦ
,
ɫ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɠɟɫɬɤɨɣ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɬɪɭɛɵ
ɢɥɢ
ɝɢɛɤɨɝɨ
ɲɥɚɧɝɚ
ɢɡ
ɧɟɪɠɚɜɟɸɳɟɣ
ɫɬɚɥɢ
ɫɨ
ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɣ
ɨɩɥɟɬɤɨɣ
.
Ɇɟɠɞɭ
ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɦ
ɢ
ɤɨɬɥɨɦ
ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɛɵɬɶ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ
ɝɚɡɨɜɵɣ
ɤɪɚɧ
.
ɉɪɨɜɟɪɶɬɟ
ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ
ɜɫɟɯ
ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ
.
ɉɪɨɩɭɫɤɧɚɹ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ
ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɚ
ɝɚɡɚ
ɞɨɥɠɧɚ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ
ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ
ɪɚɛɨɬɭ
ɜɫɟɯ
ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ
ɤ
ɧɟɦɭ
ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ
Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ
ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ
ɩɚɬɪɭɛɤɚ
,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ
ɢɡ
ɤɨɬɥɚ
,
ɧɟ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦ
ɩɪɢ
ɜɵɛɨɪɟ
ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ
ɬɪɭɛɵ
,
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɟɣ
ɤɨɬɟɥ
ɢ
ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤ
;
ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ
ɧɨɪɦɚɦ
ɢ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ
ɨɬ
ɞɥɢɧɵ
ɬɪɭɛɵ
ɢ
ɩɨɬɟɪɶ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɜ
ɧɟɣ
.
2.5
ɉɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ
ɉɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
ɤ
ɫɟɬɢ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ
Ʉɨɬɟɥ
ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɛɵɬɶ
ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧ
ɤ
ɨɞɧɨɮɚɡɧɨɣ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɫɟɬɢ
230
ȼ
- 50
Ƚɰ
.
B
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ
ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɜ
ɬɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
,
ɟɫɥɢ
ɨɧ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ
ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧ
ɤ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
ɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ
,
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɣ
ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ
ɫ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ
ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ
ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ
.
ɉɨɪɭɱɢɬɟ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ
ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ
ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ
ɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɶ
ɢ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ
.
ɂɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶ
ɧɟ
ɧɟɫɟɬ
ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɡɚ
ɭɳɟɪɛ
,
ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟɧɧɵɣ
ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ
ɬɨɝɨ
,
ɱɬɨ
ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬ
ɧɟ
ɛɵɥ
ɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧ
.
ɍɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɶɬɟɫɶ
ɬɚɤɠɟ
,
ɱɬɨ
ȼɚɲɚ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɨɣ
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ
ɤɨɬɥɚ
,
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ
ɧɚ
ɬɚɛɥɢɱɤɟ
ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
,
ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ
,
ɱɬɨ
ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ
ȼɚɲɟɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɨɣ
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ
ɤɨɬɥɚ
.
Ʉɨɬɟɥ
ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɜ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɟ
ɫ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɤɚɛɟɥɹɦɢ
ɢ
ɪɚɡɴɟɦɚɦɢ
,
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ
ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ
ɤ
ɧɟɦɭ
ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ
,
ɬɚɤɢɟ
ɤɚɤ
,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ
,
ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɧɚɫɨɫɵ
,
ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɤɥɚɩɚɧɵ
ɢɥɢ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ
ɛɥɨɤ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
(
ɫɦ
.
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɫɯɟɦɵ
).
Ʉɨɬɟɥ
ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧ
ɪɚɡɴɟɦɨɦ
ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ
ɟɝɨ
ɤ
ɫɟɬɢ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ
.
ɉɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
ɤ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɫɟɬɢ
ɞɨɥɠɧɨ
ɛɵɬɶ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɨ
ɜ
ɜɢɞɟ
ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
,
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɞɜɭɯɩɨɥɸɫɧɵɦ
ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɦ
,
ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ
ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚɦɢ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ
ɞɨɥɠɧɨ
ɛɵɬɶ
ɧɟ
ɦɟɧɟɟ
3
ɦɦ
.
Ɇɟɠɞɭ
ɤɨɬɥɨɦ
ɢ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɛɵɬɶ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ
ɩɥɚɜɤɢɟ
ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɢ
,
ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɟ
ɧɚ
ɫɢɥɭ
ɬɨɤɚ
ɧɟ
ɛɨɥɟɟ
3 A.
ɉɪɢ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ
ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɜɚɠɧɨ
ɫɨɛɥɸɫɬɢ
ɩɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ
(
ɎȺɁȺ
:
ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɵɣ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞ
/
ɇȿɃɌɊȺɅɖ
:
ɫɢɧɢɣ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞ
/
ɁȿɆɅə
:
ɠɟɥɬɨ
-
ɡɟɥɟɧɵɣ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞ
.
Ʉɨɦɧɚɬɧɵɣ
ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬ
B
ɌȿɊɆɈɋɌȺɌ
ɄɈɆɇȺɌɇɈɃ
ɌȿɆɉȿɊȺɌɍɊɕ
ȾɈɅɀȿɇ
ɂɆȿɌɖ
ɋɍɏɂȿ
ɄɈɇɌȺɄɌɕ
.
ɉɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ
230
ȼ
ɤ
ɡɚɠɢɦɚɦ
ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɝɨ
ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬ
ɩɨɜɥɟɱɟɬ
ɡɚ
ɫɨɛɨɣ
ɧɟɭɫɬɪɚɧɢɦɨɟ
ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɛɥɨɤɚ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ
ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ
.
ɉɪɢ
ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ
ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬɚ
ɫ
ɟɠɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɣ
ɢɥɢ
ɟɠɟɧɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ
ɢɥɢ
ɬɚɣɦɟɪɚ
ɧɟ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɣɬɟ
ɞɥɹ
ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ
ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ
ɢɯ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɵɟ
ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
.
ȼ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɨɬ
ɬɢɩɚ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ
ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ
ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɩɨɞɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ
ɧɚɩɪɹɦɭɸ
ɨɬ
ɫɟɬɢ
ɢɥɢ
ɨɬ
ɛɚɬɚɪɟɟɤ
.
2.6
ȼɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɞɵ
ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
/
ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ
ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ
Ɍɪɭɛɚ
ɩɨɞɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
ɤ
ɞɵɦɨɯɨɞɭ
ɞɨɥɠɧɚ
ɢɦɟɬɶ
ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ
,
ɧɟ
ɦɟɧɶɲɢɣ
ɱɟɦ
ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɩɚɬɪɭɛɤɚ
ɧɚ
ɩɪɟɪɵɜɚɬɟɥɟ
ɬɹɝɢ
.
ɉɨɫɥɟ
ɩɪɟɪɵɜɚɬɟɥɹ
ɬɹɝɢ
ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɢɞɬɢ
ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ
ɞɵɦɨɯɨɞɚ
ɞɥɢɧɨɣ
ɧɟ
ɦɟɧɟɟ
0,5
ɦɟɬɪɚ
.
Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɵ
ɢ
ɦɨɧɬɚɠ
ɞɵɦɨɯɨɞɨɜ
ɢ
ɬɪɭɛɵ
ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɞɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
ɤ
ɧɢɦ
ɤɨɬɥɚ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ
ɧɨɪɦɚɦ
.
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ
ɤɨɬɟɥ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ
ɤ
ɬɢɩɭ
B11BS
ɢ
ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧ
ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ
(
ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬɨɦ
ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ
ɝɚɡɨɜ
),
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɩɪɟɪɵɜɚɟɬ
ɩɨɞɚɱɭ
ɝɚɡɚ
ɢ
ɛɥɨɤɢɪɭɟɬ
ɪɚɛɨɬɭ
ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ
ɜ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɩɥɨɯɨɣ
ɜɵɬɹɠɤɢ
ɢɥɢ
ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɣ
ɧɚ
ɜɵɛɪɨɫɟ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ
ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ
.
Ɉ
ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɤɟ
ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ
ɨɩɨɜɟɳɚɟɬ
ɞɢɫɩɥɟɣ
ɫ
ɤɨɞɨɦ
F04
(
ɩɨɡ
. cap. 3.4).
ɉɟɪɟɡɚɩɭɫɤ
ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɩɨ
ɢɫɬɟɱɟɧɢɢ
20
ɦɢɧɭɬ
ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ
,
ɩɪɢɜɟɞɲɟɣ
ɤ
ɧɟɩɨɥɚɞɤɟ
.
ȼ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɱɚɫɬɵɯ
ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɣ
ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɫɜɹɡɚɬɶɫɹ
ɫ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ
ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ
,
ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ
ɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɶ
ɞɵɦɨɯɨɞɚ
ɢ
ɞɵɦɨɜɨɝɨ
ɤɚɧɚɥɚ
ɢ
ɭɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɶ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ
ɫ
ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɦ
ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ
ɝɚɡɨɜ
.
B
Ɂɚɩɪɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ
ɜɫɤɪɵɜɚɬɶ
ɢ
ɨɬɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ
ɞɚɧɧɨɟ
ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ
.
Ʌɸɛɵɟ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɫ
ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ
,
ɜ
ɬɨɦ
ɱɢɫɥɟ
ɡɚɦɟɧɚ
,
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ
ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ
ɫ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɮɢɪɦɟɧɧɵɯ
ɡɚɩɚɫɧɵɯ
ɱɚɫɬɟɣ
ɨɬ
ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɹ
.
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ
ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɭ
ɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɣ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɥɸɛɵɯ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ
ɫ
ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ
.
8
9
10
11
cod. 3540L893 - Rev. 01 - 03/2018
