AXE 3 32 B 100
2
RU
cod. 3540Z420 - 03/2011 (Rev. 00)
RU
1.
ɈȻɓɂȿ ɍɄȺɁȺɇɂʇ ɉɈ ɌȿɏɇɂɄȿ ȻȿɁɈɉȺɋɇɈɋɌɂ
•
ȼɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɣɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ
,
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ
.
•
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɩɪɨɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɣɬɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɣɬɟ
ɟɦɭ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
;
ɨɧɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɟɦɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ
ɛɟɪɟɠɧɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ
.
•
ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ
ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ ɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɹ
.
Ɂɚɩɪɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɤɚɤɢɟ
-
ɥɢɛɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɨɩɥɨɦɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ
.
•
ɇɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɭɳɟɪɛɭ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɚɜɦɚɦ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ
.
ɂɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɧɟ ɧɟɫɟɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ
ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɭɳɟɪɛ
,
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɨɣ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɟɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ
,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɫ ɧɟɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ
.
•
ɉɟɪɟɞ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɨɬɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬ
ɨɬ ɫɟɬɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɭɛɢɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɢ
/
ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ
ɨɬɫɟɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ
.
•
ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɢ
/
ɢɥɢ ɧɟɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ
,
ɜɵɤɥɸɱɢɬɟ ɟɝɨ ɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɪɠɢɬɟɫɶ ɨɬ ɥɸɛɨɣ
ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɪɟɦɨɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɭ ɧɟɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ
.
ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ
ɨɛɪɚɳɚɣɬɟɫɶ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦ
.
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ
ɪɟɦɨɧɬɭ
-
ɡɚɦɟɧɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɢ
ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɱɚɫɬɟɣ
.
ɇɟɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜɵɲɟɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɪɭɲɢɬɶ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ
.
•
ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ
.
Ʌɸɛɨɟ ɩɪɨɱɟɟ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ
,
ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
,
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ
.
•
ɍɩɚɤɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ
ɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ
,
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɹɦ
.
•
ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɸɬ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɟ ɢ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɧɟɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ
.
2.
ɂɇɋɌɊɍɄɐɂʇ ɉɈ ɗɄɋɉɅɍȺɌȺɐɂɂ
2.1
ɉɪɟɞɢɫɥɨɜɢɟ
ɍɜɚɠɚɟɦɵɣ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɶ
,
Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɢɦ ȼɚɫ ɡɚ ɬɨ
,
ɱɬɨ ȼɵ ɜɵɛɪɚɥɢ ɤɨɬɟɥ
LAMBORGHINI
,
ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɫɚɦɭɸ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ
,
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ ɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ
.
ɉɪɨɫɢɦ ȼɚɫ ɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
,
ɬ
.
ɤ
.
ɜ ɧɟɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ
,
ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ
.
AXE 3 32 B 100
ɷɬɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ
ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ
,
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɣ ɫ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ
.
Ʉɨɪɩɭɫ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɫɨɛɪɚɧ ɢɡ
ɱɭɝɭɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
,
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɞɜɭɯɤɨɧɭɫɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɥɶɰɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɬɹɠɧɵɦɢ
ɛɨɥɬɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɥɢ
.
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚɞ ɛɨɣɥɟɪɨɦ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ
ɫɬɚɥɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ
,
ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ Ƚȼɋ
.
Ȼɨɣɥɟɪ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧ ɨɬ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɟɜɵɦ ɚɧɨɞɨɦ
.
2.2
ɉɚɧɟɥɶ ɫ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚɦɢ
Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɩɚɧɟɥɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɪɢɫ
. 1 -
ɉɚɧɟɥɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ
1 =
Ɍɟɪɦɨɦɟɬɪ
2 =
Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɶ
3 =
Ɍɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɪɭɱɧɵɦ ɫɛɪɨɫɨɦ
4 =
Ɍɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɤɨɬɥɟ
5 =
Ɍɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɛɨɣɥɟɪɟ
6 =
ɋɢɝɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɚɦɩɚ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ
7 =
Ʉɧɨɩɤɚ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ Ʌɟɬɨ
/
Ɂɢɦɚ
2.3
ȼɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
ȼɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɥɚ
Ɉɬɤɪɨɣɬɟ ɨɬɫɟɱɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɵ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ
.
ȼɤɥɸɱɢɬɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ
.
ɇɚɠɦɢɬɟ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ
2
ɪɢɫ
. 1,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɞɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɨɬɟɥ ɢ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɭ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ
.
Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ ɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɟɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ
.
ȼɵɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɥɚ
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɧɚ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɧɚɠɚɬɶ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ
2
ɪɢɫ
. 1
ɧɚ
ɩɭɥɶɬɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɫɬɢ ɟɟ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
“0”.
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɧɚ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞ
,
ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɧɚɠɚɬɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɤɧɨɩɤɢ
2
ɜ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
,
ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɶ
ɨɬɫɟɱɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ
.
ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɜ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ
ɜɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɭɳɟɪɛɚ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ
ɚɧɬɢɮɪɢɡ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɥɢɬɶ ɜɨɞɭ ɢɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
.
2.4
Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɢ
Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ
Ɂɚɞɚɣɬɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɢ
4
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫ
. 1.
Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ
(
Ƚȼɋ
)
Ɂɚɞɚɣɬɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɢ
5
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ Ƚȼɋ ɪɢɫ
. 1.
Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ
(
ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɩɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬɚ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ
)
Ɂɚɞɚɣɬɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬɚ ɧɭɠɧɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ
.
ȼ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬɚ ɤɨɬɥɨɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
,
ɡɚɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬɨɦ
4
ɧɚ ɪɢɫ
. 1.
ɉɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ
"
Ʌɟɬɨ
"/"
Ɂɢɦɚ
"
ɇɚɠɦɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ
7
ɜ ɪɢɫ
. 1
ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɢɡ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ
"
Ʌɟɬɨ
"
ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦ
"
Ɂɢɦɚ
".
ȼ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ
"
Ʌɟɬɨ
" (0 -
ɤɧɨɩɤɚ ɨɬɩɭɳɟɧɚ
)
ɤɨɬɟɥ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ
ɜɨɞɵ
.
ȼ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ
"
Ɂɢɦɚ
"(1 -
ɤɧɨɩɤɚ ɧɚɠɚɬɚ
)
ɤɨɬɟɥ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ
ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ
.
Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
ɉɪɢ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ
,
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɟ ɩɨ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɥɟ ɜɨɞɨɦɟɪɚ
,
ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ
1,0
ɛɚɪ
.
ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɪɚɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɥɢɜɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɟ ɜɵɲɟ
1,0
ɛɚɪɚ
.
A
ɉɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɣɬɟ ɤɪɚɧ ɡɚɥɢɜɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ
.
3.
ɆɈɇɌȺɀ
3.1
ɍɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ
ɍɋɌȺɇɈȼɄȺ
ɂ
ɇȺɋɌɊɈɃɄȺ
ȽɈɊȿɅɄɂ
ȾɈɅɀɇȺ
ɈɋɍɓȿɋɌȼɅəɌɖɋə
ɌɈɅɖɄɈ
ɋɉȿɐɂȺɅɂɁɂɊɈȼȺɇɇɕɆ
ɉȿɊɋɈɇȺɅɈɆ
,
ɂɆȿɘɓɂɆ
ɉɊɈȼȿɊȿɇɇɍɘ
ɄȼȺɅɂɎɂɄȺɐɂɘ
,
ɉɊɂ ɋɈȻɅɘȾȿɇɂɂ ɉɊɂȼȿȾȿɇɇɕɏ ȼ ɇȺɋɌɈəɓȿɆ ɌȿɏɇɂɑȿɋɄɈɆ
ɊɍɄɈȼɈȾɋɌȼȿ ɍɄȺɁȺɇɂɃ
,
ɉɊȿȾɉɂɋȺɇɂɃ ȾȿɃɋɌȼɍɘɓȿȽɈ ɁȺɄɈɇɈȾȺɌȿɅɖɋɌȼȺ
,
ɉɈɅɈɀȿɇɂɃ ɆȿɋɌɇɕɏ ɇɈɊɆ ɂ ɉɊȺȼɂɅ
,
ɂ ȼ ɋɈɈɌȼȿɌɋɌȼɂɂ ɋ ɉɊɂɇəɌɕɆɂ
ɌȿɏɇɂɑȿɋɄɂɆɂ ɌɊȿȻɈȼȺɇɂəɆɂ
.
3.2
Ɇɟɫɬɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ
Ʉɨɬɟɥ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ
,
ɢɦɟɸɳɟɦ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ
,
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɸ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɦɢ
.
ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ ɢɥɢ
ɜɵɬɹɠɧɵɟ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɵ
,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ
,
ɬɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ
ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɫɟɯ
ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ
.
ȼ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɝɧɟɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɵ ɢɥɢ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ
,
ɟɞɤɢɟ ɝɚɡɵ
,
ɩɵɥɶ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɥɟɬɭɱɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
,
ɡɚɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɸ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɝɨɪɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ
ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ
.
ɉɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɭɯɢɦ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɞɨɠɞɹ
,
ɫɧɟɝɚ ɢɥɢ
ɦɨɪɨɡɚ
.
A
ȿɫɥɢ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɦɟɛɟɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɤɨɦ ɤ ɫɬɟɧɟ
,
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ
,
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɦɨɧɬɚɠɚ ɤɨɠɭɯɚ ɢ
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɬɟɯɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɸ
.
ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɶɫɹ
,
ɱɬɨ
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɦɨɧɬɚɠɚ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɫ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɞɜɟɪɰɟ
,
ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɧɟ
ɜɵɡɵɜɚɥɨ ɜɪɟɡɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ ɜ ɫɬɟɧɭ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɟɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ
3.3
Ƚɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
,
ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɟ
,
ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɦ
.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɚ ɜɫɟɦɢ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ
.
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɬɥɨɦ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ
ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɫɟɱɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɵ
,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɛɵ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɤɨɬɟɥ ɨɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
.
B
ɋɥɢɜɧɨɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ
ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɨ ɫ
ɜɨɪɨɧɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɜɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɥ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
.
ȼ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɧɟ ɧɟɫɟɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ
ɡɚɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ
.
ɇɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɣɬɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ
.
ɉɟɪɟɞ ɦɨɧɬɚɠɨɦ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɦɨɣɬɟ
ɜɫɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ
,
ɦɨɝɭɳɢɯ ɩɨɦɟɲɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ
ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ
.
ȼɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɭɛ ɤ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɲɬɭɰɟɪɚɦ
,
ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ ɧɚ
ɢ
cap. 5
ɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚɦ
,
ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɟ
.
A
Ⱥɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɟɡ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɤɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɦɨɧɬɚɠɧɢɤɨɦ ɇɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɦ
,
ɱɬɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ
ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ
1
ɛɚɪ
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ
ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
,
ɟɫɥɢ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ
25° Fr (1°F = 10
ɩɩɦ
CaCO3),
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ
ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɚ
,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɚɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɧɚɤɢɩɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɥɟ
.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɢɠɟ
15°F (
Ⱦɉ
236/88
ɨ
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɜɨɞɵ
,
ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ
).
ȼɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ
ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ
,
ɟɫɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɦ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ
ɩɨɞɩɢɬɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
.
B
ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɚ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɭɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɹ
,
ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɢɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ
,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ
.
ɇɚ
ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɩɪɟɠɞɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɸ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ
ɦɚɝɧɢɟɜɨɝɨ ɚɧɨɞɚ ɛɨɣɥɟɪɚ
.
0
120
60
80
100
40
20
°C
1
4
5
3
6
2
7
