NEC CP/M-86, System Reference Manual

Page 1: ... Advanced Ar L Personal Computer TM CP M 86 System Reference Guide NEe NEe Information Svstems lnc 819 000102 2001 REV 01 8 83 ...

Page 2: ...NEe being that of continuous product improvement the contents of this manual are subject to change from time to time without notice 3 All efforts have been made to ensure that the contents ofthis manual are correct however should any errors be detected NEC would greatly appreciate being informed 4 NEC can assume no responsibility for errors in this manual or their consequences Copyright 1983 by NE...

Page 3: ...ng 1 5 Program Termination 1 6 Chapter 2 Command Setup and Execution Under CP M 86 CCP BUILT IN AND TRANSIENT COMMANDS 2 1 TRANSIENT PROGRAM EXECUTION MODELS 2 2 The 8080 Memory Model 2 3 The Small Memory Model 2 5 The Compact Memory Model 2 6 Base Page Initialization 2 7 TRANSIENT PROGRAM LOAD 2 9 TRANSIENT PROGRAM EXIT 2 9 Chapter 3 Command CMD File Generation INTEL 8086 HEX FILE FORMAT 3 1 OPER...

Page 4: ...Y POINTS 5 5 System Initialization Subroutines 5 5 Simple Character 1 0 Subroutines 5 6 10BYTE Function 5 8 Disk 1 0 Subroutines 5 10 Other Functions 5 18 Chapter 6 Advanced BIOS Functions CRT ESCAPE SEQUENCE FUNCTIONS 6 1 Format and Definitions 6 1 APC Escape Code Sequences 6 4 ASCII CONTROL CODES 6 9 EXTENDED FUNCTION CALLS 6 9 Get Time and Date 6 10 Set Time and Date 6 11 Play Music 6 11 Sound ...

Page 5: ...T IS GSX 86 9 1 GSX 86 and Application Programs 9 1 GSX 86 and Graphics Products 9 2 USING GSX 86 9 2 Setting Up GSX 86 9 2 Updating the Assignment Table 9 3 Device Drivers 9 4 Invoking GSX 86 9 6 Warm Starts and Cold Starts 9 6 OVERVIEW OF GRAPHICS SYSTEM EXTENSION STRUCTURE 9 6 GSX 86 Architecture 9 6 Memory Management 9 7 THE GRAPHICS DEVICE OPERATING SYSTEM GDOS 9 8 Virtual Device Interface VD...

Page 6: ...cter Generator RAM Format Appendix D Memory Map Appendix E Keyboard Structures Appendix F CP M 86 Control Characters Appendix G CP M 86 Error Messages Appendix H CBIOS Error Messages Appendix I Blocking and Deblocking Algorithms Appendix J Physical Format of Hard Disks Appendix K GSX 86 Device Specific Information ...

Page 7: ...le Memory Regions 4 34 APC CBIOS Function Calls 5 1 General CP M 86 Organization 5 2 Escape Code Sequence Example 6 3 Display Request Block 6 19 DMA Transfer 6 20 Attribute Date Byte Format 6 22 Roll Down Screen 6 24 Roll Up Screen 6 25 LOADER Organization 8 3 CPM SYS File Organization 8 5 GSX 86 Memory Map 9 8 Sample Bit Pattern of Graphic Character C 2 Sample Data in Auxiliary CG RAM C 2 APC Key...

Page 8: ...s 6 12 6 4 Note Values 6 13 6 5 Duration Values 6 14 6 6 Short Sound Control Commands 6 15 6 7 Beep Sound Parameters 6 16 6 8 Direct CRT 1 0 Function Calls 6 18 7 1 Disk Parameter Header Elements 7 2 7 2 DPH Values for the APC 7 2 7 3 Disk Parameter Block Fields 7 4 7 4 BSH and BLM Values for Selected BLS 7 5 7 5 Maximum EXM Values 7 5 7 6 BLS and Number of Directory Entries 7 6 7 7 DPH Values for...

Page 9: ...conventions It also describes procedures for adapting CP M 86 to a custom hardware environment Chapter 1 gives an overview of CP M 86 and summarizes how it differs from CP M 80 Chapter 2 describes the general execution environment while Chapter 3 tells how to generate command files Chapter 4 defines the programming interfaces to the Basic Disk Operating System BDOS Chapters 5 and 6 define the stan...

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Page 11: ...t Output System BIOS The BIOS distributed on the CP M system diskette has been configured for the APC and is called the Customized BIOS or CBIOS It is made up of three parts the standard BIOS the APC escape sequence functions and the extended BIOS The CCP and BDOS portions occupy approxi mately 10K bytes and the BIOS is approximately 22 bytes The operating system executes in memory above the reser...

Page 12: ...includes two utilities that replace equivalent CP M 80 utilities GENCMD Generate CMD file replaces the LOAD program ofCP M 80 It converts the hex files produced by ASM 86 or Intel utilities into memory image format suitable for execution under CP M 86 LDCOPY Loader Copy replaces the SYSGEN utility used under CP M 80 It is used to copy the cold start loader from a system disk for replication Severa...

Page 13: ...aragraph Boundary An address evenly divisible by 16 low order nibble 0 Segment Up to 64K contiguous bytes Segment Register One of CS OS ES or SS Offset 16 bit displacement from a segment reg ister Group A segment register relative reloca table program unit Address The effective memory address derived from the combination of a segment reg ister value plus an offset value 1 3 ...

Page 14: ...of memory without changing the operating system thus there is no MOVCPM utility with CP M 86 and transient programs will load and run in any non reserved region Memory Models CP M 86 is constructed as an 8080 Model This means that all the segment registers are placed at the base of CP M 86 and the CBIOS is identical in most respects to that of CPIM 80 with changes in instruction mnemonics of cours...

Page 15: ...S are 16 bit values in the range OOOOH to OFFFFH In CP M 86 the addresses are 16 bit offsets from the DS Data Segment register which is set to the base of your data area If you translate an existing CP M 80 program to the CP M 86 environment the data segment is fewer than 64K bytes Therefore the DS register does not have to be changed following intialload and all CPIM 80 addresses become simple DS...

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Page 17: ... from the console The command line may include one of the built in commands DIR ERA REN TYPE or USER Note that SAVE is not supported under CP M 86 since the equivalent function is performed by DDT 86 See the CPIM 86 User s Guide for the APC for more information about these programs The command line may also begin with the name of a transient program with the assumed file type CMD denoting a comman...

Page 18: ...t occur unless the CONTROL C occurs at the CCP command input level with no programs residing in memory When CP M S6 receives a request to load a transient program from the CCP or another transient program it checks the program s memory requirements Ifsuffi cient memory is available CP M 86 assigns the required amount ofmemory to the program and loads it Once loaded the program can request addition...

Page 19: ...p exceeds one segment in size or if auxiliary groups are present then the application program must manage its own segment registers during execution in order to address all code and data areas In all three models local stacks are required in user programs that make BDOS calls since the BDOS may change information in the system stack The three models differ primarily in the manner in which segment ...

Page 20: ...ory Model The intermixed code and data regions are indistinguishable The base page values described below are identical to CP M 80 This allows simple translation from 8080 8085 or Z80 code into the 8086 environment The following ASM 86 example shows how to code an 8080 Model transient program cseg org 100h code endcs equ dseg org offset endcs data end ...

Page 21: ...t In this model register CS is set to the beginning of the code group registers DS and ES to the start of the data group and registers SS and SP to the CCP s stack area as shown in Figure 2 2 SS CCP SS SP CCP Stack CS IP OOOOH code DS ES base page DS OI00H data Figure 2 2 CP M 86 Small Memory Model The machine code begins at CS OOOOH the base page values begin at DS OOOOH and the data area starts ...

Page 22: ...d in programs that make BDOS calls since the BDOS may change information in the system stack Ifthe transient program intends to use the stack group as a stack area registers SS and SP must be set upon entry The SS and SP registers remain set to the CCP area even ifa stack group is defined Although it may appear that the SS and SP registers should be set to address the stack group there are two rea...

Page 23: ...tion 24 bits where the 4 high order bits equal zero In the 8080 Model the low order bytes ofLC LCO and LC1 never exceed OFFFFH and the high order byte LC2 is always zero BC is the base paragraph address of the code group 16 bits LD and BD provide the last position and paragraph base ofthe data group The last position is one byte less than the group length Note that bytes LDO and LD 1 appear in the...

Page 24: ...S 0027 DS 002A DS 002D DS 0030 DS 005B DS 005C DS 0080 DS 0100 LCO BCO LDO BDO LEO BEO LSO BSO LXO BXO LXO BXO LXO BXO LXO BXO LCI BCl LDI BDI LEI BEl LSI BSI LXI BXl LXI BXI LXI BXl LXI BXI Not Currently Used Default FCB Default Buffer Begin User Data Figure 2 4 CP M 86 Base Page Values LC2 M80 LD2 xxx LE2 xxx LS2 xxx LX2 xxx LX2 xxx LX2 xxx LX2 xxx ...

Page 25: ...y both assume the default DMA buffer occupies the second half of the base page TRANSIENT PROGRAM EXIT The CCP transfers control to the transient program through an 8086 Far Call The transient program may exit in one of three ways It can use the 96 byte CCP stack and return directly to the CCP upon program termination by executing a Far Return If BDOS calls are to be made the transient program requ...

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Page 27: ...ogram see Intel document 9800639 03 MCS 86 Software Development Utilities OperatinglnstructionsforISIS II Users The CMD file produced by GENCMD contains a header record which defines the memory model and memory size requirements for loading and executing the CMD file An Intel hex file consists of the traditional sequence of ASCII records in the following format where the beginning of the record is...

Page 28: ... to memory model in use The following are output from ASM 86 only 81 Same as 00 data belongs to code segment 82 Same as 00 data belongs to data segment 83 Same as 00 data belongs to stack segment 84 Same as 00 data belongs to extra segment 85 Paragraph address for absolute code segment 86 Paragraph address for absolute data segment 87 Paragraph address for absolute stack segment 88 Paragraph addre...

Page 29: ... Memory Model for execution This model allows intermixed code and data within a single segment This form of the command is shown below GENCMD filename 8080 The remaining keywords follow the filename or the 8080 option and define specific memory requirements for each segment group corresponding one to one with the segment groups defined in Chapter 2 For each segment group keyword the corresponding ...

Page 30: ...to load data following this address to the named group see the examples that follow The B value is normally used to mark the boundary between code and data segments when no segment information is included in the hex file Files produced by ASM 86 do not require the B value since segment information is included in the hex file The minimum memory value M value is included only when the hex records do...

Page 31: ...transforms the file X HS6 into the file X CMD with the proper header record gencmd x code a40 data m30 xfff In this case the code group is forced to paragraph address 40H or equivalently byte address 400H The data group requires a minimum of300H bytes but can use up to OFFFOH bytes if available As another example assume a file Y H86 exists on Drive B and consists ofIntel hex records with no inters...

Page 32: ...y Figure 3 1 CMD File Header Format In Figure 3 1 GD 1 through GD 8 represent Group Descriptors Each Group Descriptor corresponds to an independently loaded program unit and has the following fields 8 bit 16 bit 16 bit 16 bit 16 bit G Form G Length A Base G Min G Max where G Form describes the group format or equals zero if no more descriptors follow IfG Form is non zero then the 8 bit value is pa...

Page 33: ...h of0080H for example the size of the group is 00800H or 2048D bytes A Base defines the minimum and maximum size ofthe memory area to allocate to the group G Type 9 marks a pure code group for use under future versions of CP M 86 Presently a Shared Code Group is treated as a non shared Program Code Group under CP M 86 The memory model described by a header record is implicitly determined by the gr...

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Page 35: ...reserved by Intel Corporation for use by CP M 86 The function code is passed in register CL with byte parameters in OL and word parameters in ox Single byte values are returned in AL word values in both AX and BX and double word values in ES and BX All segment registers except ES are saved upon entry and restored upon exit from the BOOS corresponding to PL M 86 conven tions Table 4 1 summarizes in...

Page 36: ... is properly set This poses no particular problem for programs which use only a single data segment as is the case for programs converted from CP M 80 However when the data group exceeds a single segment you must ensure that the DS register is set to the segment containing the data area related to the call Zero values are returned for function calls which are out of range BDOS FUNCTION CODES Table...

Page 37: ...mpute File Size 12 Return Version Number 36 Set Random Record 13 Reset Disk System 37 Reset Drive 14 Select Disk 40 Write Random with Zero Fill 15 Open File 47 Chain to Program 16 Close File 49 Get System Data Area Address 17 Search for First 50 Direct BIOS Call 18 Search for Next 51 Set DMA Segment Base 19 Delete File 52 Get DMA Segment Base 20 Read Sequential 53 Get Max Memory Available 21 Write...

Page 38: ...am remains in memory and the memory allocation is unchanged CONSOLE INPUT ENTRY RETURN CL OlH FUNCTION 1 AL ASCII Character CONSOLE INPUT The Console Input function reads the next character from the logical console device CONSOLE into register AL Graphic characters and the carriage return line feed and backspace CONTROL H are echoed to the console Tab characters CONTROL I are expanded in columns o...

Page 39: ...makes a check for start stop scroll CONTROL S READER INPUT ENTRY RETURN CL 03H FUNCTION 3 AL ASCII Charactel READER INPUT The Reader input function reads the next character from the logical reader READER into register AL Control does not return to the calling program until a character has been read PUNCH OUTPUT ENTRY CL 04H DL ASCII Character RETURN FUNCTION 4 PUNCH OUTPUT The Punch Output functio...

Page 40: ...ng on the value in register DL It reads a character from the console writes a character to the console or returns the console status Direct Console 1 0 is supported under CP M 86 for those specialized applications where unadorned console input and output are required Use of this function should in general be avoided since it bypasses all of CP M 86 s normal control character functions e g CONTROL ...

Page 41: ...L otherwise If the input value in DL is not FE or FF function 6 sends the ASCII character in DL to the console Do not use function 6 with FE of FF in combination with either function 1 or function 2 Function 1 should be used in conjunction with function 2 Function 6 must be used independently GET I O BYTE ENTRY RETURN CL 07H FUNCTION 7 AL I O Byte Value GET I O BYTE The Get I O Byte function retur...

Page 42: ...BIOS supports this call dynamically for the LIST device only see Chapter 5 However it may be used in programs that operate with standard CP M calls to the BIOS FUNCTION 9 DX String Offset PRINT STRING RETURN The Print String function sends the character string stored in memory at the location addressed by register DX to the logical console device CONSOLE until a is encountered in the string Tabs a...

Page 43: ...gram and may range from 0 to mx If nc is less than mx then uninitialized positions follow the last character denoted by in the diagram A terminating return or line feed character is not placed in the buffer and not included in the count nco The line editing control functions supported during console input under function 10 are summarized in Table 4 3 Table 4 3 Line Editing Controls KEYSTROKE RESUL...

Page 44: ...rovides information which allows version independent programming A two byte value is returned designating the CP M version number as follows BDOS File Operations BH 00 00 00 00 01 BL 00 20 2l 2F 22 Version CP M 2 0 CP M 2 0 CP M 2 0 CP M 86 MP M Functions 13 through 52 are related to disk file operations under CP M 86 In many of these operations DX provides the DS relative offset to a File Control...

Page 45: ...t in the range 0 31 during file I O s1 Reserved for internal system use s2 Reserved for internal system use set to 0 on call to OPEN MAKE SEARCH rc Record count for extent ex takes values 0 128 dO dn Filled in by CP M reserved for system use cr Current record to read or write in a sequential file operation normally set to 0 by the user rO rl r2 Optional random record number in the range 0 65535 wi...

Page 46: ...ofthe drive selected when the error condition was detected and error is one of the following three messages BAD SECTOR SELECT RIO These error situations are trapped by the BDOS temporarily halting the transient program when the error is detected No indication of the error situation is returned to the transient program The BAD SECTOR error is issued as the result of an error condition returned to t...

Page 47: ...atus explicitly by a STAT command or BDOS function call or implicitly if the BDOS detects that a diskette medium has been changed and a warm start has not been performed The ability to detect changed media is optionally included in the BIOS and exists only if a checksum vector is included for the selected drive When any character is pressed on the keyboard the transient program is aborted and cont...

Page 48: ... 15 however ignore the selected default drive and directly reference Drives A through P OPEN FILE ENTRY CL OFH DX FCB Offset RETURN FUNCTION 15 AL Return Code OPEN FILE The Open File function activates an FCB specifying a file which exists in the disk directory for the currently active user number The BDOS scans the disk directory of the drive specified by byte 0 of the FCB addressed by register D...

Page 49: ...n The directory code returned for a successful Close File function is 0 1 2 or 3 while OFFH 255 decimal is returned ifthe file name could not be found in the directory A file need not be closed if only read operations have taken place If write operations have occurred however the Close File function is necessary to permanently record the new directory information SEARCH FOR FIRST ENTRY CL IlH DX F...

Page 50: ...ion Code The Search for Next function is similar to the Search for First function except that the directory scan continues from the last matched entry Function 18 returns the value OFFH in AL when no more directory items match and any other value when a match is found In terms of execution sequence a Search for Next call must follow either a Search for First or Search for Next call with no other i...

Page 51: ...ta situation is encountered at the end ofa file However it can also occur ifan attempt is made to read a data block which has not been previously written or an extent which has not been created These situations are usually restricted to files created or appended by use of the BDOS Write Random function function 34 WRITE SEQUENTIAL ENTRY CL ISH DX FCB Offset RETURN FUNCTION 21 AL Return Code WRITE ...

Page 52: ...TION 22 AL Return Code MAKE FILE The Make File function is similar to the Open File function except that the FCB must name a file which does not exist in the currently referenced disk directory Le the one named explicitly by a non zero dr code or the default disk if dr is zero The BDOS creates the file and initializes both the directory and main memory value to an empty file The programmer must en...

Page 53: ...RETURN BX Login Vector The Return Login Vector function returns the login status for up to 16 disk drives in a login vector The login vector is a 16 bit value in register BX The least significant bit corresponds to the first drive labelled A and the high order bit corresponds to the sixteenth drive labelled P The APC currently supports 8 drives A 0 bit indicates that the drive is not online A 1 bi...

Page 54: ...er from the current DMA base Therefore to specify the DMA address both a function 26 call and a function 51 Set DMA Base call are required The DMA address is the value specified by DX plus the DMA base value until it is changed by a subsequent Set DMA Address or Set DMA Base function GET ALLOCATION ADDRESS ENTRY RETURN CL IBH FUNCTION 27 BX ALLOC Offset GET ADDR ALLOC ES Segment base An allocation...

Page 55: ...tor in register BX which indicates drives which have the temporary readlonly RIO bit set Like function 24 the least significant bit corresponds to Drive A while the most significant bit corresponds to Drive P The RIO bit is set either by an explicit call to function 28 or by the automatic software mechanisms within CP M 86 which detect changed disk media SET FILE ATTRIBUTES ENTRY CL lEH DX FCB Off...

Page 56: ...he BDOS will not issue write commands to files in R O status t2 The System attribute is referenced by the CP M DIR utility If the attribute is set DIR will not display the file in a directory display The DIRS command however will display the file t3 The Archive attribute is reserved but not actually used by CP M 86 If it is set it indicates that the file has been written to back up storage by a us...

Page 57: ...e Chapter 7 for a definition of the BIOS disk parameter block SET GET USER CODE ENTRY CL 20H DL OFFH get or User Code set FUNCTION 32 SET GET USER CODE RETURN AL Current User Code or no value The Set Get User Code function performs one oftwo operations depending on the value in register DL when the function is called It either returns the number of the currently active user or it sets a new curren...

Page 58: ...tent mayor may not contain allocated data this ensures that the FCB is properly initialized for subsequent random access operations The selected record number is then stored into the random record field rO r1 and the BDOS is called to read the record Register AL returns either an error code see Table 4 4 or the value 00 indicating the operation was successful In the latter case the buffer at the c...

Page 59: ...by bytes rO r I of the FCB This error can be caused by an overwritten FCB or a read random operation on an FCB that has not been opened Seek to unwritten extent Random read operation accesses an extent that has not been created This error situation is equivalent to error 0I not returned by the Random Read command Random record number out of range Byte r2 of the FCB is non zero Normally non zero re...

Page 60: ... extent 0 must first be opened This ensures that the FCB is properly initialized for subsequent random access operations Ifthe file is empty a Make File function must be issued for the base extent Although the base extent mayor may not contain allocated data this ensures that the file is properly recorded in the directory and is visible in DIR requests A Write Random call returns a value in regist...

Page 61: ...ttempts to create a new extent that requires a new directory entry and no available directory entries exist on the selected disk drive Random record number out of range Byte r2 of the FCB is non zero The virtual size ofa file corresponds to the physical size only when the file is written sequentially If a file is created in random mode and holes exist in the allocation then the file may in fact co...

Page 62: ...o this key If the data unit size is 128 bytes the resulting record position minus one is placed into a table with the key for later retrieval After scanning the entire file and tabularizing the keys and their record numbers programs can move instantly to a particular keyed record by performing a random read using the saved random record number The scheme is easily generalized when variable record ...

Page 63: ...of 1 indicate that the specified drive is to be reset Register AL returns OOH when the operation is complete WRITE RANDOM WITH ZERO FILL ENTRY CL 28H DX FCB Offset FUNCTION 40 WRITE RANDOM WITH ZERO FILL RETURN AL Return Code The Write Random With Zero Fill function writes data to disk from the current DMA address like function 34 and also initializes a previously unallocated data block to zero fi...

Page 64: ...mmand line is parsed and placed in the Base Page of the new program The Console Command Processor CCP then executes the command line GET SYSTEM DATA AREA ADDRESS ENTRY CL 031H FUNCTION 49 GETSYSDAT ADDRESS RETURN BX SYSDAT Address Offset ES SYSDAT Address Segment The GET SYSDAT function returns the address of the System Data Area The system data area includes the following information dmaad equ wo...

Page 65: ...fers control through the BDOS to the BIOS The DX register addresses a five byte memory area containing the BIOS call parameters 8 bit 16 bit 16 bit Func value CX value DX where Func is a BIOS function number see Table 5 1 and value CX and value DX are the 16 bit values which would normally be passed directly in the CX and DX registers with the BIOS call The ex and DX values are loaded into the 808...

Page 66: ...MA BASE ENTRY RETURN CL 34H FUNCTION 52 BX DMA Offset GET DMA BASE ES DMA Segment The Get DMA Base function returns the current DMA Base Segment address in ES and the current DMA Offset in BX BDOS Memory Management and Program Functions Memory is allocated in two distinct ways under CPIM 86 The first is through a static allocation map located within the BIOS that defines the physical memory which ...

Page 67: ...one transient program in memory at any given time If however multiple programs are present in memory then CONTROL C characters entered by the operator delete these programs in the order opposite that in which they were loaded no matter which program is actively reading the console Any program loaded through a CCP command can itself load additional pro grams and allocate data areas For example supp...

Page 68: ...l four regions A through D are released A transient program may release a portion ofa region allowing the released portion to be assigned on the next allocation request The released portion must however be at the beginning or end of the region Suppose for example the program in region B in the previous example receives 800H paragraphs at paragraph location 100H following its first allocation reque...

Page 69: ...alues expressed in 16 byte paragraph units and M Ext is a returned byte value as defined specifically with each function code An error condition is normally flagged with a OFFH returned value in order to match the file error conventions of CP M 80 GET MAXIMUM MEMORY ENTRY CL 35H DX Offset ofMCB FUNCTION 53 GET MAX MEM RETURN AL Return Code The Get Maximum Memory function finds the largest availabl...

Page 70: ... The Allocate Memory function allocates a memory area according to the MCB addressed by DX The allocation request size is obtained from M Length Function 55 returns the base paragraph address of the allocated region in the user s MCB Register AL contains OOH if the request was successful and OFFH if the memory could not be allocated ALLOCATE ABSOLUTE MEMORY ENTRY CL 38H DX Offset ofMCB FUNCTION 56...

Page 71: ...ogram are released Otherwise M Ext should be set to OOH This releases the memory area oflength M Length at location M Base given in the MCB addressed by DX As previously explained either an entire allocated region or the end ofa region must be released The middle section of a region cannot be returned under CPIM 86 FREE ALL MEMORY ENTRY RETURN CL 3AH FUNCTION 58 FREE ALL MEM The Free All Memory fu...

Page 72: ...contain the paragraph address of the base page belonging to the loaded program The base address and segment length of each segment are stored in the base page NOTE Upon program load at the CCP level the DMA base address is initialized to the base page of the loaded program and the DMA offset adddress is initialized to 0080H This is a function of the CCP Function 59 does not establish a default DMA...

Page 73: ...ions and extended functions The latter two sections of the BIOS contain APC specific modifications to CP M 86 that are referred to collectively as advanced BIOS functions They are described in Chapter 6 Standard BIOS func tions for both floppy diskette and hard disk systems are discussed in this chapter In both chapters entry points and variables are defined as necessary and BIOS tables are refere...

Page 74: ...ry Points BIOS Disk Parameter Tables Uninitialized Scratch RAM Figure 5 2 General CP M 86 Organization In order to implement CPIM 86 on the APC hardware NEC has modified the standard BIOS distributed by Digital Research Inc to create a BIOS which performs the functions listed in Chapters 5 and 6 The cold start loader that loads the CPM syS into memory contains a simplified form of the BIOS called ...

Page 75: ...he registers according to type Byte values are returned in AL Word values 16 bits are returned in BX Specific parameters and returned values are described with each subroutine BIOS SUBROUTINES There are three major divisions in the BIOS jump table system re initialization subroutines simple character I O subroutines and disk I O subroutines The BIOS subroutines for disk I O differ for floppy and h...

Page 76: ...k Number 2521H JMP SETSEC 11 Set Sector Number 2524H JMPSETDMA 12 Set DMA Offset Address 2527H JMPREAD 13 Read Selected Sector 251AH JMPWRITE 14 Write Selected Sector 252DH JMP LISTST 15 Return List Status 2530H JMPSECTRAN 16 Sector Translate 2533H JMP SETDMAB 17 Set DMA Segment Address 2536H JMPGETSEGB 18 Get MEM DESC Table Offset 2539H JMPGETIOB 19 Get I O Mapping Byte 253CH JMPSETIOB 20 Set I O...

Page 77: ...fset OB06H and base For hard disk systems this subroutine initializes hard disk processing It first checks the DMA controller to determine whether the hard disk adapter is installed lfit exists the routine waits to allow the hard disk units to warm up The procedure then generates the system unit table SYSUNITID sets the number of hard disk drives reads the error map from the hard disk and initiali...

Page 78: ... console which communicates with the operator accessed through CONST CONIN and CONOUT Typically the CONSOLE is a device such as a CRT with a keyboard or Teletype LIST The principal listing device ifit exists on the system which is usually a hard copy device such as a printer or Teletype PUNCH The principal tape punching device ifit exists Any RS 232C device such as a modem can also be used READER ...

Page 79: ...TRY FUNCTION 3 CONIN RETURN AL Character This function reads the next console character into register AL If no console character is ready the function waits until a character is typed before returning WRITE CONSOLE CHARACTER OUT ENTRY CL ASCII Character FUNCTION 4 CONOUT RETURN This function sends the ASCII character in register CL to the console output device WRITE LISTING CHARACTER OUT ENTRY CL ...

Page 80: ...al devices which can be altered during CPIM 86 processing The definition of the IOBYTE function corresponds to the Intel standard as follows a single location in the BIOS is maintained called IOBTYE which defines the logical to physical device mapping which is in effect at a particular time The mapping is performed by splitting the IOBYTE into four distinct fields oftwo bits each called the CONSOL...

Page 81: ...he Teletype device TTY 1 READER is the high speed reader device RDR 2 user defined reader 1 UR1 3 user defined reader 2 UR2 PUNCH field bits 4 5 0 PUNCH is the Teletype device TTY 1 PUNCH is the high speed punch device PUN 2 user defined punch 1 UP1 3 user defined punch 2 UP2 LIST field bits 6 7 0 LIST is the Teletype device TTY 1 LIST is the CRT device CRT 2 LIST is the line printer device LPT 3 ...

Page 82: ...linder for hard disk track and sector on the disk and the direct memory access DMA offset and segment addresses involved in the I O operation After all these parame ters have been set the subroutine makes a call to the READ or WRITE function The READ or WRITE function in turn calls either the R_W_COMMON for diskette or R_W_COMMONHD for hard disk routine to perform the actual I O operation Note tha...

Page 83: ...erform the track 00 seek Instead the call is translated into a call to function 10 with a parameter of 00 The drive must have been previously selected by the SELDSK function function 9 Before accessing the disk the routine initializes the sector blockingldeblocking flags If a not ready condition is detected one of the following error messages is displayed FDC HIW ERROR HDC H W ERROR to identify th...

Page 84: ...ected Register DL bit 0 least significant bit is zero ifthe drive has not been previously selected This information can be used to set up a dynamic disk definition table This routine does not change the contents of the header and associated tables For hard disk the routine checks SYSUNITID for the hard disk unit number For both diskette and hard disk if the call attempts to select a nonexistent dr...

Page 85: ...sector number Register CX contains the translated sector number see function 16 for subsequent disk accesses on the currently selected drive Programs can send this information to the controller at this point or delay sector selection until a read or write operation occurs The BIOS uses a combination of track number and sector number to determine the physical location of data on a diskette For sing...

Page 86: ...rack has been set the sector has been set and the DMA offset and segment base have been specified the READ subroutine attempts to read based on these parameters by calling R_W_COMMON for diskette I O or R_W _COMMONHD for hard disk I O It returns zero in register AL if the read is successful Ifthe read is not successful it returns OFFH in register AL This routine first calculates the physical secto...

Page 87: ...and offset address to the currently selected drive cylinder hard disk only track and sector This routine actually writes the data to a buffer at a fixed location and calls R_W_COMMON or R_W_COMMONHD to perform the physical write The error codes given for Read Selected Sector function 13 are also returned in register AL for this function with error recovery attempts as described for that function R...

Page 88: ...xt sector In general SEC TRAN receives a logical sector number in CX This logical sector number may range from 0 to n I where n is the number of sectors SECTRAN also receives a translate table offset in DX The sector number is used as an index into the translate table with the resulting physical sector number in BX The CBIOS for the APe includes correct tables for the skew factors in use SET DMA B...

Page 89: ...rm MRT 0 1 n 8 bit R Cnt R Base I R Length 1 R Base I R Length 1 R Base R Length 16 bit 16 bit R Cnt is the number of Memory Region Descriptors equal to n 1 in the diagram above and R Base and R Length give the paragraph base and length of each physically contiguous area of memory Again the reserved interrupt locations normally 0 3FFH and the CP M 86 operating system are not included in this map b...

Page 90: ...s a high level language interface to the BDOS function 50 call To use this function the high level language program must first set up the parameter values used by BDOS function 50 in a five byte memory area starting at location 40 250B See BDOS function 50 for a description of the parameter area The calling program then issues a Far Call to BDOS function 50 ...

Page 91: ...Character Out routine in the BIOS recognizes CRT escape code sequences and performs the appropriate action in response to the codes received Any of the following standard functions can be used to effect the APC console escape sequences BDOS function 2 Console Output BDOS function 6 Direct Console I O BDOS function 50 Direct BIOS call Format and Definitions Escape sequences consist of three kinds o...

Page 92: ...signated Pn in this document Selective parameters designated in this document by Ps are those that select a subfunction from a specified list of subfunctions You must replace Pn and Ps as well as certain command specific parame ters with the appropriate values in the command A parameter string is a list of parameters separated by semicolons 3BH Default is a function dependent value that is assumed...

Page 93: ... IB 5B 32 3B 33 3B 34 6D I t t Selective Parameters t t Selective Parameters Parameter Parameter String String CSI Final CSI Final Character Character Figure 6 1 Escape Code Sequence Example At the A prompt this command would appear as follows A A 2 3 4m 6 3 ...

Page 94: ...number of lines CURSOR FORWARD ESC PnC default value 1 This sequence moves the active position to the right The distance moved is determined by the parameter A parameter value of0 or 1moves the active position one position to the right A parameter value of n moves the active position n positions to the right If an attempt is made to move the cursor to the right of the right margin the cursor moves...

Page 95: ...moves the active position to the nth column Ifn is greater than SO the system treats nas SO As an alternative to the standard escape sequence for cursor position the following cursor position escape sequence can be used in programs where the ADM 3A Mode is more appropriate ESC Ic This sequence moves the cursor position to the position specified by the parameters I line number The line number is a ...

Page 96: ... color monitor Attributes off default green color Vertical line Over Line Under Line Blink Not used Reverse Not used Secret Red color Highlight Blue color Purple color Green color default Yellow color Bright blue color White color Color Parameters Highlight attribute is available for monochrome CRT only NOTES The color and secret parameters are mutu ally exclusive If neither color nor secret is sp...

Page 97: ...e from the start of the screen to the active posi tion inclusive Erase all of the display All lines are erased and the cursor remains at its current position ERASE WITHIN LINE ESC PsK default value 0 Erases some or all characters in the active line according to the parameter Parameter o 1 2 Meaning Erase from the active position to the end of the line inclusive Erase from the start of the screen t...

Page 98: ...ntheses character not the square bracket ESC Psh This sets the mode specified by the parameter Only the values listed below may be used All other parameters values are ignored Parameter I 2 5 7 RESET A MODE ESC Psl Mode Disable system status display Disable key click Disable cursor display Disable keyboard input This escape sequence resets the mode specified by the parameter Only the values listed...

Page 99: ...argin SUB lAH Erase screen ESC IBH Introduce an escape sequence RS lEH Cursor home EXTENDED FUNCTION CALLS Entry to the extended BIOS is accomplished through the 8086 software interrupt 220 The extended function code is passed in register CL Registers DX DS and AX contain additional parameters as necessary The status of the GRAPH1 GRAPH2 CAPS and ALT keys are returned in register AH for direct CBI...

Page 100: ...IOS functions is described in detail in the following section of this chapter Get Time And Date ENTRY CL OOH DS DX Data Buffer Address EXT FUNCO GET TIME AND DATE RETURN Buffer Time and Date The Get Time and Date function returns the system time and date Registers DS and DX hold the address of the I O data buffer in which the data is to be stored The system fills the data buffer at the indicated a...

Page 101: ... data buffer format is the same as that used by extended function 0 Get Time and Date Play Music ENTRY CL 02H AX Buffer length DS DX Data Buffer Address RETURN EXT FUNC 2 PLAY MUSIC The Play Music function plays music on the APC The I O buffer addressed by registers DS and DX consists of melody data Register AX is set to the I O buffer length in bytes Melody data consists of two types of informati...

Page 102: ...e values are effective until new ones are specified Table 6 3 Melody Data Control Commands COMMAND FUNCTION Mn Loudness n 1 piano 2 medium default 3 forte Tn Speed n l 1 00 sec for quarter note 2 0 87 sec default 3 0 56 sec 4 0 38 sec Scale data set the note values duration and accent The allowable values for these variables are defined in the following tables ...

Page 103: ...AdvancedBIOS Functions Table 6 4 Note Values NOTE FUNCTION C C D D E F F low octave G G A A B C C D D E F middle octave G G A A B C C D high octave D E N rest 6 13 ...

Page 104: ...nt command is indicated by the value S in the scale data command Both accent and duration are optional The accent applies only to the note value it preceeds The duration is effective until the next duration is specified The complete melody data format then is control data scale data The control data is effective until the next control data is specified An example of melody data follows M2 TI A3 SG...

Page 105: ...nds and parameters Control commands set the loudness and type of sound The parameters control frequency and tone period Control data is written in the following format The loudness parameter n is optional Table 6 6 lists the values for n Control data is effective until the next control data is specified Band P are mutually exclusive commands They cannot be specified together Table 6 6 Short Sound ...

Page 106: ...g values are defined in Table 6 7 Table 6 7 Beep Sound Parameters PARAMETER VALUE MEANING Frequency H 710 Hz I 1202 Hz J 2038 Hz K 3406 Hz Tone period n 1 20 msec min 2 2xl0 msec 3 3xlO msec N Nxl0 msec 65535 65535xl0 msec The complete format of the beep command follows control data sound parameter Both parts of the command are optional as shown in the following example IP2 K8 Bl H3 ...

Page 107: ...column and line numbers of the current position prefixed by the escape ESC code in the following format E S PI Pc R C 8 bytes All characters are returned as ASCII code values PI is the line number 01 25 Pc is the column number 01 80 Auto Power Off ENTRY RETURN CL 05H EXT FUNC 5 APO The Auto Power Offfunction turns off the power ofthe machine When the function is called the system waits approximate...

Page 108: ... allow the assembly language programmer to perform high speed block level I O operations to the console through the DMA Five different operations may be performed through this function They are identified by the command number passed in the display request block The extended function commands are listed in Table 6 8 and described in detail in this section Table 6 8 Direct CRT va Function Calls CMD...

Page 109: ...ffers Registers DS and DX are set to the address of the display request block prior to issuing the function call Figure 6 2 shows the format of the display request block CMD LA CA NOC display data offset 2 words word boundary buffer address base attribute data offset 2 words word boundary buffer address base Figure 6 2 Display Request Block CMD LA CA NOC o 4 command number Display cursor position ...

Page 110: ...TRANSII R T1RIHI TID YIA DATA AREA r _ i __1 ____ 1_ _ I Figure 6 3 DMA Transfer The display request block contains the addresses of the display data area and the attribute data area On the video memory each display character consists of two bytes ofdisplay data and one corresponding byte ofattribute data The first byte of the display data for each character identifies whether the following charac...

Page 111: ...ble codes have the following ranges 20H 7EH ASCII graphic code for normal character code 20H FDH Auxiliary character code with ESC sequence VIDEO MEMORY FORMAT Video memory format is the format of the display data area in the video memory Each display data item consists of 2 bytes display data 1 first I byte I I second byte display data 2 first I byte I I second byte display data 3 first byte firs...

Page 112: ...o 0 or 1 to indicate no color or a color value The attributes are assigned to bits as follows M S B 7 6 5 3 2 1 L S B o Highlight is available for monochrome monitor only Figure 6 4 Attribute Data Byte Format Under line Over line Vertical line Blink Reverse Red Highlight Blue Green Colors may be used individually or in combination to generate secondary colors For example the following attribute da...

Page 113: ...he cursor is positioned at LA CA and no other action is taken display The starting address should be located at an even memory address data buffer DMA controller s restriction Ifthe base address is 0 no display address data is transferred attribute If the base address IS 0 attribute data is not transferred data buffer address If the base addresses of both display data and attribute data are 0 the ...

Page 114: ...sor position in fields LA and CA in the display request block The function uses only the display request block fields listed below The contents of the remainder of the area are ignored CMD 2 LA Range is 0 24 binary CA Range is 0 79 binary CMD 3 Roll Down Screen This command enables the programmer to roll down the contents of video memory a maximum of 25 lines on the screen as shown in Figure 6 5 T...

Page 115: ...re 6 6 The function uses only the display request block fields listed below The contents of the remainder of the area are ignored CMD LA 4 Number of lines to roll up If the number of lines to roll up exceeds the number of lines that have been written the next line is erased YJ IO 1 l 10R OlD ROil 1 1 _ _6 27 50 ______ 4 I Figure 6 6 Roll Up Screen 6 25 ...

Page 116: ...MOS User buffer size Offset of buffer Base address of buffer 1 word Address in CMOS Relative address in CMOS for data Displacement from start of CMOS Range is 0 511 User buffer size Number of bytes to be written Range is 1 512 bytes Read CMOS ENTRY CL 09H DS DX Data Buffer Address RETURN EXT FUNC 9 Data Buffer READ CMOS The Read CMOS function reads data in CMOS RAM battery back up memory into the ...

Page 117: ...ETURN The Initialize RS 232C function is used in asynchronous mode only to set the baud rate DH and mode DL In synchronous mode an external clock determines the baud rate The register values are set as follows DH Baud Rate 0 150 BPS 1 200 BPS 2 300 BPS 3 600 BPS 4 1200 BPS 5 2400 BPS 6 4800 BPS 7 9600 BPS 6 27 ...

Page 118: ...rate t baud rate L length of character 0 1 0 1 o 0 1 1 5 bit 6 bit 7 bit 8 bit parity enable disable _________ 1 enable 0 disable parity check 1 even 0 odd length of stop bit 1 1 o 1 1 bit 2 bit NOTE Typically when communication software is operating the system timer is off and the key board repeat feature does not operate ...

Page 119: ...d with CP M 86 The APC is configured to operate with single sided single density lD and double sided double density 2D diskettes and with hard disks DISK PARAMETER TABLE FORMAT In general each disk drive has an associated 16 byte disk parameter header which contains information about the disk drive and also provides a scratchpad area for certain BDOS operations The format of the disk parameter hea...

Page 120: ...BDOS All DPHs address the same scratchpad area DPB Offset of a disk parameter block for this drive Drives with identical disk characteristics address the same disk parameter block CSV Offset of a scratchpad area used for software check for changed disketts This offset is different for each DPH and is used for floppy diskettes only ALV Offset ofa scratchpad area used by the BDOS to keep disk storag...

Page 121: ... the operating system A responsibility of the SELDSK subroutine defined in Chapter 5 is to return the offset of the DPH from the beginning ofthe operating system for the selected drive The following sequence ofoperations returns the table offset with a value ofOOOOH returned if the selected drive does not exist NDISKS EQU 8 NUMBER OF DISK DRIVES SELDSK SELECT DISK N GIVEN BY CL MOV BX OOOOH READY ...

Page 122: ...16b indicator below the field The fields are defined in Table 7 3 Table 7 3 Disk Parameter Block Fields FIELD DEFINITION SPT Total number of sectors per track BSH Data allocation block shift factor determined by the data block allocation size BLM Block mask determined by the data block allocation size EXM Extent mask determined by the data block allocation size and the number of disk blocks DSM Us...

Page 123: ...6 or greater than 255 as shown in Table 7 5 Table 7 5 Maximum EXM Values BLS DSM 256 DSM 255 1 024 N A 2 048 I 4 096 3 1 8 192 7 3 16 384 15 7 The value of DSM is the maximum data block number supported by this particular drive measured in BLS units The product BLS x DSM I is the total number of bytes held by the drive and of course must be within the capacity of the physical disk not counting the...

Page 124: ...block requiring four reserved blocks In this case the four high order bits of ALO are set resulting in the values ALO OFOH and ALl OOH The CKS value is determined as follows If the disk drive medium is removable CKS DRM I 4 where DRM is the last directory entry number Ifthe medium is fixed CKS O and no directory records need to be checked The OFF field determines the number of tracks which are ski...

Page 125: ...ormation for a drive If CKS DRM I 4 DRM I 4 bytes must be reserved for directory check use If CKS is 0 no storage is reserved The size of the area addressed by ALV is determined by the maximum number of data blocks allowed for a particular disk and is computed as DSM 8 1 Table 7 7 lists the DPS values for single density diskettes double density diskettes and hard disks for the APC Table 7 7 DPB Va...

Page 126: ...I 1 2 n 0 2 0 14 19 20 n 0 3 0 10 37 38 4 23 3 4 5 6 21 22 6 19 39 40 7 2 5 6 8 15 23 24 9 II 41 42 10 24 7 8 II 7 25 26 12 20 43 44 13 3 9 10 14 16 27 28 15 12 45 46 16 25 II 12 17 8 29 30 18 21 47 48 19 4 13 14 20 17 31 32 21 13 49 50 22 26 15 16 23 9 33 34 24 22 51 52 25 5 17 18 0 26 0 18 35 36 1 1 I 1 2 1 2 1 19 20 1 3 I 37 38 4 3 4 5 21 22 6 39 40 7 none 5 6 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 n 1 26 1 18 ...

Page 127: ...n this chapter should be used only by system programmers who need to reconfigure the operating system for systems development purposes Do not attempt the procedures unless it is your intent to modify the CBIOS If the procedures are not understood and followed exactly you may lose the entire CP M 86 operating system CP M 86 is customized for the APC and distributed on two double sided double densit...

Page 128: ...G Form G Length A Base G Min G Max 1 xxxxxxxxx 0400 xxxxxxx xxxxxxx 8b 16b 16b 16b 16b G Form 1 denotes a code group x fields are ignored A Base defines the paragraph address where the BOOT ROM begins filling memory A Base is the word value which is offset three bytes from the beginning of the header NOTE Since only a code group is present an 8080 Memory Model is assumed Further although the A Bas...

Page 129: ...p terminator The entire LOADER program is read by the BOOT ROM excluding the header record starting at byte location 04000H as given by the A Field Upon completion of the read the BOOT ROM passes control to location 04000H where the LOADER program begins execution The JMP 1200H instruction at the base of LDCPM transfers control to the beginning ofthe LDBIOS where control then transfers to the INIT...

Page 130: ... ROM to get LOADER into memory The APC controller provides a power on boot operation that reads the first disk sector into memory This one sector program in turn reads the LOADER from the remaining sectors and transfers to LOADER upon completion ORGANIZATION OF CPM SYS The CPM SYS file read by the LOADER program consists of the CCP BDOS and BIOS in CMD file format with a 128 byte header record sim...

Page 131: ...SYS file is read by the LOADER program beginning at the address given by A Base byte address 0400H and control is passed to the INIT entry point at offset address 2500H Any additional initialization n ot performed by LOADER takes place in the INIT subroutine On completion INIT executes a JMP OOOOH to begin execution of the CCP The actual load address of CPM SYS is determined entirely by the addres...

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Page 133: ...X 86 And Application Programs GSX 86 defines a standard interface to graphics peripherals from an application program Application programs written in assembly language or a high level language that supports the GSX 86 calling conventions can call GSX 86 with appropriate calls to the Graphics Devices Operating System ODOS You can compile assemble and link programs containing GSX 86 calls in the nor...

Page 134: ...required to run GSX 86 ASSIGN SYS GRAPHICS CMD One device driver file for each graphics device in use ASSIGN SYS is the Assignment Table file It is a simple text file that consists of the file names of all device drivers and an associated logical device number for each device driver GRAPHICS CMD is the file that contains GSX 86 for the APC The device drivers provide the interface between GSX 86 an...

Page 135: ...driver The following is a sample Assignment Table It shows the complete contents of ASSIGN SYS on the distribution diskette 1 DDNECAPC NEC APC DRIVER The syntax for entries in the Assignment Table is where DD d filename comments DD logical driver number d optional drive specifier filename device driver file comments optional text string The logical device number may be one or two digits The follow...

Page 136: ...e amount ofspace the system allocates for device drivers If there is enough space for the largest driver the system will always have enough room for any other driver that GSX 86 uses Device Drivers Table 9 1 lists the standard device drivers that are included on the CP M 86 system distribution diskette DDNECAPC SYS is the only device driver in ASSIGN SYS You can use a text editor such as ED or a w...

Page 137: ...70 Graphics Plotter DDHI3M SYS Houston Instruments Hiplot DMP 3 4 443 Multipen Plotter DDHI7M SYS Houston Instruments Hiplot DMP 6 7 Multipen Plotter DDIDS SYS Integral Data Systems Monochrome Printers Micro Prism 480 Prism 80 Prism 132 DDISC SYS Integral Data Systems Color Printers Prism 80 Prism 132 DDOKID SYS Okidata Microline 92 Printer DDPMPV SYS Printronix MVP Printer DDPRTX SYS Printronix P...

Page 138: ...ser s Guide for the APC OVERVIEW OF GRAPHICS SYSTEM EXTENSION STRUCTURE This section introduces the GSX 86 architecture its components and their func tions Each part of GSX 86 is described in detail later in this chapter This section also describes the memory management techniques used by GSX 86 GSX 86 Architecture GSX 86 is an integral part of the operating system Application programs interface t...

Page 139: ...e specific code required to interface specific graphics devices to the GDOS The GIOS consists of a set of device drivers that communicate directly with the graphics devices GSX 86 requires a unique device driver for each different graphics device on a system The term GIOS refers to the functional layer in GSX 86 that holds the collection of available device drivers The particular driver that is lo...

Page 140: ...ry at anyone time In order to ensure that the GSX 86 loader allocates sufficient memory space for all subsequent drivers the default driver must be the largest driver Use STAT to determine the file sizes Ifan attempt is made to load a driver larger than the default driver GSX 86 returns an error to the caller and does not load the new driver THE GRAPHICS DEVICE OPERATING SYSTEM GDOS This section d...

Page 141: ... input point coordinate array address of output parameter array address of output point coordinate array The specific graphics function to be performed by GDOS is indicated by an operation code in the input control array All data passed to the device driver are assumed to be two byte integers The GDOS preserves the BP base pointer and DS data segment registers All other registers are subject to ch...

Page 142: ... is called intout Array of output parameters Length of array is opcode dependent OUTPUT POINT COORDINATE ARRAY The output point coordinate array contains the following values when the function is called ptsout Array of output coordinates Each point is specified by an X Y coordinate pair given in Normalized Device Coordi nates 0 32 767 and must be greater than the largest possi ble value of control...

Page 143: ... i e communication between the device driver and the device via the system hardware ports is done through CP M 86 BDOS calls CRT devices are assumed to be the console device Plotters are assumed to be connected as the Auxiliary Input Output device Printers are assumed to be connected as the list device GDOS Opcodes Table 9 2 lists the GSX 86 opcodes and indicates whether each is required for CRT d...

Page 144: ... location 19 Remove cursor 6 Polyline 7 Polymarker 8 Text 9 Filled area 10 Cell array II Generalized drawing primitive 12 Set character height 13 Set character up vector 14 Set color representation 15 Set polyline linetype 16 Set polyline linewidth 17 Set polyline color index 18 Set polymarker type 19 Set polymarker scale 20 Set polymarker color index 21 Set text font 22 Set text color index 23 Se...

Page 145: ...ed to determine which device driver to dynamically load into memory Linetype Polyline color index Marker type Polymarker color index Text font Text color index Fill interior style Fill style index Fill color index Number of output vertices 6 Length of intout 45 Maximum addressable width of screen plotter in rasters steps assuming a 0 start point e g a resolution of 640 implies an addressabIe area ...

Page 146: ...tch styles Number of pre defined colors must be at least 2 even for monochrome device This is the number of colors that can be dis played on the device simultaneously intout l5 Number of Generalized Dra wing Primitives GDPs intout l6 intout 25 List ofGDPs up to 10 allowed intout 26 intout 35 1 GDP does not exist Attribute set associated with each GDP 1 GDP does not exist o polyline 1 polymarker 2 ...

Page 147: ...of colors available Number of locator devices available Number of valuator devices available Number of choice devices available Number of string devices available Workstation type o Output only 1 Input only 2 Input Output 3 Device independent segment storage 4 GKS Metafile output o Minimum character height in device units o Maximum character height in device units Minimum line width in device unit...

Page 148: ...low 6 Magenta 7 White 8 n White Other default values that should be set by the driver during initialization are Character height minimum character height Character up vector 90 degrees counterclockwise from the right hori zontal 0 degrees rotation Line width 1 device unit raster plotter step Marker height minimum marker height Writing mode replace Input mode request for all input classes locator v...

Page 149: ...e Clear Workstation operation causes CRT screen to be erased and hardcopy devices to perform a top of form operation On plotters without paper advance the operator is prompted to load a new page Input Output contrl l contrl 2 contrl 3 UPDATE WORKSTATION Opcode 3 o o The Update Workstation operation causes all pending graphics commands which are queued to be executed immediately Input Output contrl...

Page 150: ...rs Function ID 1 INQUIRE ADDRESSABLE CHARAC TER CELLS 2 ENTER GRAPHICS MODE 3 EXIT GRAPHICS MODE 4 CURSOR UP 5 CURSOR DOWN 6 CURSOR RIGHT 7 CURSOR LEFT 8 HOME CURSOR 9 ERASE TO END OF SCREEN 10 ERASE TO END OF LINE 11 DIRECT CURSOR ADDRESS 12 OUTPUT CURSOR ADDRESSABLE TEXT 13 REVERSE VIDEO ON 14 REVERSE VIDEO OFF 15 INQUIRE CURRENT CURSOR ADDRESS 16 INQUIRE TABLET STATUS 17 HARDCOPY 18 PLACE CURSO...

Page 151: ...here the alpha cursor can be positioned on the screen Input Output Enter Graphics Mode contrl 2 contrl 6 contrl 3 intout 1 intout 2 o Function ID 1 o Number ofaddressable rows on the screen typically 24 1 indicates cursor address ing not possible Number of addressable columns on the screen typically 80 1 indicates cursor addressing not possible This operation causes the graphics device to enter th...

Page 152: ...hout altering the horizontal position If the cursor is already at the top margin no action is taken Input Output Cursor Down contrl 2 contrl 6 contrl 3 o Function ID 4 o This operation moves the alpha cursor down one row without altering the hor izontal position If the cursor is already at the bottom margin no action is taken Input Output Cursor Right contrI 2 contrI 6 contrI 3 o Function ID 5 o T...

Page 153: ...t corner of a CRT display Input Output Erase to End of Screen contrl 2 contrl 6 contrl 3 o Function ID 8 o This operation erases the display surface from the current alpha cursor position to the end of the screen The current alpha cursor location does not change Input Output Erase to End ofLine contrl 2 contrl 6 contrl 3 o Function ID 9 o This operation erases the display surface from the current ...

Page 154: ...acteristics are determined by the attributes currently in effect for example reverse video Input Output Reverse Video On contrl 2 contrl 4 contrl 6 intin contrl 3 o Number of characters in character string Function ID 12 Text string in ASCII Decimal Equivalent o This operation causes all subsequent text to be displayed in reverse video format that is characters are dark on a light background Input...

Page 155: ...f columns Inquire Tablet Status This operation indicates whether a graphics tablet is connected to the workstation Input Output Hardcopy contrl 2 contrl 6 contrl 3 intout l o Function ID 16 o Tablet status o tablet not available 1 tablet available This operation causes the device to generate hardcopy This function is device specific and can entail copying the screen to a printer or other attached ...

Page 156: ...3 o Function ID 19 o This operation displays a polyline on the graphics device The starting point for the polyline is the first point in the input array Lines are drawn between subsequent points in the array Lines must exhibit the current line attributes color linetype line width Input Output contrl l contr1 2 ptsin contr1 3 Opcode 6 Number ofvertices X Y pairs in polyline Array ofcoordinates ofpo...

Page 157: ...nate of second marker ptsin 4 Y coordinate of second marker ptsin 2n l X coordinate of marker ptsin 2n Y coordinate of marker 0 last last This operation writes text to the display surface starting at the position specified by the input parameters Note that the X Y position specified is the lower left corner of the character itself not the character cell The text must exhibit the current text attri...

Page 158: ...oordinate of second point ptsin 4 Y coordinate of second point ptsin 2n 1 ptsin 2n o X coordinate of last point Y coordinate of last point The Cell Array operation causes the device to draw a rectangular array which is defined by the input parameter X Y coordinates and the color index array The extents of the cell are defined by the lower left hand and the upper right hand X Y coordinates Within t...

Page 159: ...rin device units Y coordinate ofupper right cornerin device units o GENERALIZED DRAWING PRIMITIVE GDP The Generalized Drawing Primitive GDP operation allows you to take advantage of the intrinsic drawing capabilities ofyour graphics device Special elements such as arcs and circles can be accessed through this mechanism Several primitive identifi ers are predefined and others are available for expa...

Page 160: ...NT GRAPHIC CHARACTERS 6 7 are unused but reserved for future expansion 8 10 are unused and available for use Array of coordinates of GDP in device units ptsin l ptsin 2 ptsin 3 ptsin 4 X coordinate of first point Y coordinate of first point X coordinate of second point Y coordinate of second point ptsin 2n l X coordinate of last point ptsin 2n Y coordinate of last point Data record contrl 2 contrl...

Page 161: ...in tenths of degrees 0 3600 X coordinate ofcenter point of arc Y coordinate ofcenter point of arc X coordinate of start point of arc on circumference Y coordinate ofstart point of arc on circumference X coordinate of end point of arc on circumference Y coordinate of end point of arc on circumference Radius 0 Number of points 3 4 X coordinate ofcenter point of circle Y coordinate ofcenter point of ...

Page 162: ...vice Units The specified height is the height of the character itself rather than the character cell The driver returns the size of both the character and character cell selected This is a best fit match to the requested character size Input Output contr1 l contr1 2 ptsin l ptsin 2 contr1 3 ptsout l ptsout 2 ptsout 3 ptsout 4 Opcode 12 Number of vertices 1 o Requested character height in device un...

Page 163: ...pass with angles increasing in the counterclockwise direction Input Output contrl l contrl 2 intin 1 intin 2 intin 3 contrl 3 intout 1 SET COLOR REPRESENTATION Opcode 13 o Requested angle of rotation of character baseline in tenths of degrees 0 3600 Run of angle cos angle 100 0 100 Rise of angle sin angle 100 0 100 o Angle of rotation of character baseline selected in tenths of degrees 0 3600 This...

Page 164: ...s for subsequent polyline operations The width is specified in Device Coordinates DC Input Output contr1 I contrl 2 ptsin l ptsin 2 contr1 3 ptsout l ptsout 2 SET POLYLINE COLOR INDEX Opcode 16 Number of input vertices 1 Requested line width in device units o Number of output vertices 1 Selected line width in device units o This operation sets the color index for subsequent polyline operations The...

Page 165: ...trl l contrl 2 intin l contrl 3 intout 1 SET POLYMARKER SCALE Opcode 18 o Requested polymarker type o Selected polymarker type This operation requests a polymarker height for subsequent polymarker operations The driver returns the actual height selected which is a best fit to the requested height Input Output contrl l contrl 2 ptsin 1 ptsin 2 contrl 3 ptsout 1 ptsout 2 Opcode 19 Number of input ve...

Page 166: ...peration selects a character font for subsequent text operations Fonts are device dependent and are specified from 1 to a device dependent maximum Input Output contrl l contrl 2 intin 1 contrl 3 intout l SET TEXT COLOR INDEX Opcode 21 o Requested hardware text font number o Selected hardware text font This operation sets the color index for subsequent text operations At least two color indices are...

Page 167: ...ll interior style This index has no effect if the interior style is either Hollow or Solid Indices go from 1to a device dependent maximum If the requested index is not available index 1should be used The index references a Hatch style if the fill interior style is Hatch or it references a Pattern stars dots and so on if the interior fill style is Pattern For consistency the hatch styles should be ...

Page 168: ...IRE COLOR REPRESENTATION This operation returns the requested or the actual value of the specified color index in RGB units The device driver must maintain tables of the color values that were set requested and the color values that were realized On devices that have a continuous color range one of these tables may not be necessary Input Output contrl 1 contrl 2 intin 1 intin 2 contrl 3 intout 1 i...

Page 169: ...ex array Length of each row in color index array Number of rows in color index array X coordinate of lower left corner in device units Y coordinate of lower left corner in device units X coordinate of upper right corner 10 device units Y coordinate of upper right corner in device units o Number of elements used in each row of color index array Number of rows used in color index array Invalid value...

Page 170: ...t Initial X coordinate of locator in device units Initial Y coordinate of locator in device units Number of output vertices 1 Length of intout array status 0 request unsuccessful 0 request successful Locator terminator For keyboard terminated locator input this is the ASCII Decimal Equivalent ADE of the key struck to terminate input For non keyboard terminated input tablet mouse etc valid locator ...

Page 171: ...its Opcode 28 Number of input vertices 0 Locator device number 1 default locator device 2 crosshairs 3 graphics tablet 4 joystick 5 lightpen 6 plotter 7 mouse 8 trackball 8 workstation dependent Number of output vertices 1 sample successful 0 sample unsuccessful Length of intout array status 0 sample unsuccessful 0 sample successful Current X coordinate oflocator in device units Current Y coordina...

Page 172: ...E MODE Input Input Output c ntrIC 1 contr1 2 intin 1 contrI 3 contr1 5 intout l Opcode 29 o Valuator device number 1 default valuator device initial value o Length of intout array status o request unsuccessful 0 request successful Output value Opcode 29 o Valuator device number 1 default valuator device o Length of intout array status 0 sample unsuccessful 0 sample successfu Current valuator value...

Page 173: ...l contr1 2 intin l contr1 3 contr1 5 intout l Opcode 30 o Choice device number 1 default choice device 2 function key 2 workstation dependent Initial choice number o Length of intout array status o request unsuccessful request successful Choice number for example number of function key pressed Opcode 30 o Choice device number o 1 default choice device 2 function key workstation dependent Length of...

Page 174: ... contrl 3 contrl 5 intout Opcode 31 o String device number 1 default string device keyboard Maximurn string length Echo mode 0 do not echo input characters 1 echo input characters o Length of output string o request unsuccessful 0 request successful Output string Opcode 31 o String device number 1 default string device keyboard Maximurn string length Echo mode o do not echo input characters 1 echo...

Page 175: ...ng mode This operation sets the input mode for the specified logical input device locator valuator choice string to either request or sample In request mode the driver waits until an input event occurs before returning In sample mode the driver returns the current status location of the input device without waiting Input Output contrl l contrl 2 intin 1 intin 2 contrl 3 intout Opcode 33 o Logical ...

Page 176: ...er However if your device is not supported you must create a driver program for it You can write a driver in any language but at least part ofit is usually implemented in assembler due to the low level hardware interface required Device driver files must be in standard CMD format so they can be loaded by the GDOS The driver must provide the functions listed as required in the VDI specifi cation an...

Page 177: ...Save caller s direction flag Invoke the driver Ds Dx points to the parameter block It returns with a Retf CalIf Popf Pop Pop Pop Pop Pop Mov Mov Retf DcLDriver Dx Ds Bp Ax Bx Ss Bx Sp Ax StackBase Dw Seg Top _ Stack DcLDriver_Code CSeg Invoke the driver with Ds Dx Restore caller s direction flag Restore caller s Ds Dx Restore caller s stack frame Restore caller s Ss Sp via Bx and Ax Extrn DcLDrive...

Page 178: ...ing values This stack space must be available in the application program After coding and assembling or compiling the source code link it with any required external subroutines and run time support libraries to produce a load module Then use the RENAME REN command to rename the CMD file to a file with the SYS extention To make the driver known to GSX 86 include its name in the Assignment Table and...

Page 179: ... ASCII digits Ps Selective parameter that can take on only the specific values listed Multiple parameters are separated by ASCII semicolon characters 3BH 1 ANSI Compatible Escape Sequences Cursor Movement Commands Cursor up Cursor down Cursor forward right Cursor backward left Direct cursor addressing where P1 line number Pc column number ESC PnA ESC PnB ESC PnC ESC PnD ESC PI PcH or ESC PI Pcf A ...

Page 180: ... Blue color Purple color Green color Yellow color Light blue color White color From cursor to end of line ESC K or ESC OK From beginning of line to cursor ESC 1K Entire line containing cursor ESC 2K From cursor to end of screen ESC J or ESC OJ From beginning of screen to cursor ESC lJ Entire screen ESC 2J Auxiliary character set ESC 1 The one character following the escape sequence is treated as t...

Page 181: ...nable cursor display Enable keyboard input The final character in the Reset a Mode escape sequence is the alphabetic charac ter lowercase 1 not the number one 2 ADM 3A Compatible Escape Sequences Direct cursor addressing ESC Ih ESC 2h ESC 5h ESC 7h ESC 11 ESC 21 ESC 51 ESC 71 ESC c where line number binary 20H 38H c column number binary 20H 6FH Escape Sequences A 3 ...

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Page 183: ...ess and format as well as an explanation of how to load it SOFT KEY TABLE ADDRESS AND FORMAT Soft key table address pointer 40 2560H I offset soft key table 325 bytes 325 bytes I base I 16 bytes I I I I 1 character string 0 character string 0 character string 10 j reserved for system 96 bytes f character string 0 character string 0 l reserved for system 96 bytes address address corresponding to PF...

Page 184: ...e OOH The CONIN routine in the BIOS recognizes the end of the character string by the code OOH LOADING THE SOFT KEY TABLE Use the following procedure to load the soft key table file file type KEY generated by the KEY utility 1 Open the KEY file 2 Read the KEY file See file format below 3 Transfer the data to the soft key table in two moves Load the first 256 bytes starting at 40 5500H Load the nex...

Page 185: ...e last six function keys on the keyboard unshifted and shifted produce the following predefined escape sequences ESCOO ESCOP ESCOQ ESCOR ESCOS ESCOT ESCOU ESCOV ESCOW ESCOX ESCOY ESCOZ These sequences do not actually perform any function They must be implemented by an application program which establishes an action or series of operations for each escape sequence B 3 ...

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Page 187: ...nerator CG RAM address and format and an explana tion of how to load it AUXILIARY CHARACTER RAM ADDRESS AND FORMAT D8000H D9FEOH I I 1 32 bytes f I I I I I I I I I I character 0 character 1 character 2 character 255 Corresponding Auxiliary Character Code OOH 01 H 02H FFH The top address ofthe auxiliary CG RAM is D8000H Each character is made up of a 32 byte bit pattern The high order byte of every...

Page 188: ...0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 J 0 0 0 0 H I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I I I I f 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Figure C l Sample Bit Pattern of Graphic Character 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 08H OOH 14H OOh 22H 22H 14H 08H FFH 08H 08H 14H 24H 42H 42H 42H 42H C3H 00H Figure C 2 demonstrates how the bit pattern in Figure C l would be stored in auxiliary CG RAM RELATIVE ADDRESS o 2 4 6 8 A C E IO 12 14 16 18 lA lC IE DATA 08 1 00 14 1 00 22 i 00 22 ...

Page 189: ...he CHR utility 1 Open the CHR file 2 Read the CHR file into the temporary user buffer that is automatically created by the CHR utility See file format below 3 Transfer the data 8K bytes in the user buffer to the auxiliary CO RAM starting at D8000H by word CHR TYPE FILE FORMAT Header 128 bytes reserved for future use character character character character 0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 C 3 ...

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Page 191: ...Appendix D Memory Map Absolute Address OH Interrupt Vector lK bytes 400H CP M 86 CCP BDOS 9 5K bytes 2900H BIOS for future expansion 8000H User Area 32K bytes ____1 _____ 96K bytes 128K bytes D l ...

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Page 193: ... code is the same A quick reference quide for easy association of the ASCII special characters and the APC special characters is provided in Table E 4 The APC keyboard layout is given in Figure E l The APC GRPHI characters are shown in Figure E 2 the GRPH2 characters in Figure E 3 KEY INPUT STATUS The status ofthe keyboard signal is returned in register AH in response to a CONIN BIOS call function...

Page 194: ...6 ENQ NAK 5 E U e u 5 05 21 37 53 69 85 101 117 ACK SYN 6 F V v 6 06 22 38 54 70 86 102 118 7 BEL ETB 7 G W g W 07 23 39 55 71 87 103 119 199 215 BS CAN 8 H X h x J 8 08 24 40 5n 72 88 104 120 184 200 9 HT EM 9 I Y i y 185t V 09 25 41 57 73 89 105 121 201 LF SUB J Z j z n 7r A 10 26 42 58 74 90 106 122 186 202 B VT ESC K k II 27 43 59 75 91 107 123 C FF FS L 12 28 44 60 76 92 108 124 D CR GS M m 1...

Page 195: ...n DLE Data Link Escape DCI Device Control I DC2 Device Control 2 DC3 Device Control 3 DC4 Device Control 4 NAK Negative Acknowledge SYN Synchronous Idle ETB End Transmission Block CAN Cancel EM End of Mediurn SUB Substitute ESC Escape FS Form Separator GS Group Separator RS Record Separator US Unit Separator SP Space DEL Delete NOTE These codes are not displayed on the APC as shown Some of these c...

Page 196: ... 00 16 1 01 17 2 02 18 3 CD 03 19 4 Z i 04 20 5 1J X 05 21 6 OK CD 06 22 7 0 07 23 8 1 08 24 9 09 25 A 0 10 26 B OJ II 27 C h 0 12 28 D 2J 13 29 E 0 14 30 F rn c J 15 31 APC G Character Decimal Code NOTE Only characters that are not associated with a specific APC function are displayed on the screen ...

Page 197: ...PC SPECIAL SPECIAL CHARACTER CHARACTER NUL SOH STX ETX m EaT z ENQ 1 ACK OK BEL cC BS HT LF 0 VT FF c J CR SO 1 SI W DLE l DCI DC2 DC3 DC4 NAK X SYN CD ETB 0 CAN EM SUB ESC rn FS EJ GS J RS 0 US c 1 SP DEL NOTE Characters associated with a specific APC function are not displayed Keyboard Structures E 5 ...

Page 198: ...Keyboard Structures Figure E l APe Keyboard OK t 0 08 09 OA 6 6 II 12 IA D IE 88 NOTE Characters associated with a specific APC function are not displayed A UNSHIFTED SHIFT KEY UP E 6 ...

Page 199: ...IS PRESSED 2 GRAPHICS SYMBOLS ASSOCIATED WITH A SPECIFIC APC FUNCTION ARE NOT DISPLAYED ON THE SCREEN INSTEAD THE FUNCTION IS PERFORMED 3 THE ALPHANUMERIC SYMBOLS ASSOCIATED WITH THE GRAPHIC SYMBOLS ARE THE HEXADECIMAL HEX CODES GENERATED BY PRESSING THE KEYS Figure E 2 APC GRPHI Characters Keyboard Structures 7 ...

Page 200: ...tructures GRPH2 Character Hex Code A lJNSHIFTED SHII T KEY UP B SIlII IED SIIII KI Y DOWN Character on Key Cap NOTE GRPH2 CHARACTERS ARE PRODUCED WHEN THE GRPH2 KEY IS PRESSED Figure E 3 APC GRPH2 Characters E 8 ...

Page 201: ...er position and deletes the character Same as pressing BACK SPACE Moves the cursor to the next tab stop where tab stops are automatically placed at each eighth column Same as pressing TAB Moves the cursor to the left of the current line and sends the command line to CP M 86 Same as pressing RETURN Moves the cursor to the left of the current line and sends the command line to CP M 86 Same as pressi...

Page 202: ...g Same as pressing STOP Discards all characters in the command typed so far types a at the current cursor location and moves the cursor to the next command line Discards all characters in the command line typed so far and moves the cursor back to the beginning ofthe current line Same as pressing DEL Separates fields or strings ...

Page 203: ... or more filenames might be listed Each of the files listed contains a data block already allocated to another file on the disk You can correct the problem by erasing the files listed After erasing the conflicting file orfiles press tC to regenerate the allocation vector If you do not the error might repeat itself CPIM 86 replaces d with the drive specifier of the drive where the error occurred Th...

Page 204: ...C CP M 86 ter minates the current program as soon as you press any key ASM 86 An output file cannot be closed This is a fatal error that terminates ASM 86 execution The user should take appropriate action after checking to see ifthe correct disk is in the drive and that the disk is not write protected DDT 86 The disk file written by a W command cannot be closed This is a fatal error that terminate...

Page 205: ...isk space for the output files LST H86 and SYM You should either erase some unnecessary files or get another disk with more space and execute ASM 86 again ASM 86 A source or include file could not be read properly This is usually the result of an unexpected end of file Correct the problem in your source file DDT 86 The disk file specified in an R command could not be read properly This is usually ...

Page 206: ...d ASM 86 The identifier used as the name of an EQU directive is used as a name elsewhere in the program ERROR BAD PARAMETER PIP An illegal parameter was entered in a PIP command Retype the entry correctly ERROR CLOSE FILE filespec PIP An output file cannot be closed The user should take appropriate action after checking to see if the correct disk is in the drive and that the disk is not write prot...

Page 207: ...y recreating the hex file Error in codemacro building ASM 86 Either a codemacro contains invalid state ments or a codemacro directive was encountered outside a codemacro ERROR INVALID DESTINATION PIP The destination specified in your PIP command is illegal You have probably specified an input device as a destination ERROR INVALID FORMAT PIP The format of your PIP command is illegal See the descrip...

Page 208: ...UND PIP The string argument to a Q parameter was not found in your input file ERROR START NOT FOUND PIP The string argument to an S parameter cannot be found in the source file ERROR UNEXPECTED END OF HEX FILE filespec PIP An end of file was encountered prior to a termina tion hex record The hex file without a termination record should be corrected probably by recreating the hex file ERROR USER AB...

Page 209: ...DE FILE A86X CP M 86 could not find the specified file Check that you have entered the correct drive specification and that you have the correct disk in the drive Garbage at end of line ignored ASM 86 Additional items were encountered on a line when ASM 86 was expecting an end of line Examples NOLIST 4 MOV AX 4 RET Illegal expression element Illegal first item ASM 86 An expression is improperly fo...

Page 210: ...perand in a directive is invalid Examples x EQU OAGH TITLE UNQUOTED STRING Instruction not in code segment ASM 86 An instruction appears in a segment other than a CSEG Is this what you want to do YIN Insufficient memory Invalid Assignment COPYDISK If the displayed COPYDISK function is what you want performed type Y DDT 86 There is not enough memory to load the file specified in an R or E command S...

Page 211: ...be fulfilled Up to eight blocks of memory can be allocated at a given time ASM 86 A prefix on a source line is not followed by an instruction Example REPNZ Missing pseudo instruction ASM 86 The first item on a source line is a valid identi fier and the second item is not a valid directive that can be preceded by an identifier Example THIS IS A MISTAKE Missing segment information in operand ASM 86 ...

Page 212: ...M 86 cannot find the specified file or no files exist ASM 86 The indicated source or include file cannot be found on the indicated drive DDT 86 The file specified in an R or E command cannot be found on the disk No matching IF for ENDIF No space ASM 86 An ENDIF statement was encountered without a matching IF statement DDT 86 There is no space in the directory for the file being written by a W comm...

Page 213: ... reassemble on a system with more memory available Undefined element of expression Undefined instruction ASM 86 An identifier used as an operand is not defined or has been illegally forward referenced Examples JMP X A EQU B B EQU 5 MOV AL B ASM 86 The item following a label on a source line is not a valid instruction Example DONE BAD INSTR Use size ro rw sys or dir Use STATd RO STAT This message r...

Page 214: ...tched more files in the directory than STAT can sort STAT can sort a maximum of 512 files DDT 86 The value placed in memory by a Fill Set Move or Assemble command cannot be read back cor rectly indicating bad user memory an attempt to write to ROM or nonexistent memory at the indicated location ...

Page 215: ... set on the selected drive To correct the error insert the diskette in the selected drive and press any character The BIOS retries the action 2 FDC H W ERROR HDC H W ERROR STATUS 0 xxH STATUS 1 xxH STATUS 2 xxH xx contents of each status register in the FDC or HDC The first message appears for floppy diskette hardware errors The second form is for hard disk hardware errors Enter one of the followi...

Page 216: ...ing message is displayed This floppy on x is the write protected floppy x drive name of selected drive A D This is not an error but is a warning not to attempt to write to the disk Ifa write operation is attempted to a write protected diskette the FDC H W error message is returned ...

Page 217: ...an the first sector of an unallocated block or when the write is not into the directory area Condition 1 occurs when a write into the directory area is performed Condition 2 occurs when the first record only ofa newly allocated data block is written In most cases application programs read or write mUltiple 128 byte sectors in sequence and thus there is little overhead involved in either operation ...

Page 218: ...ITE operations actually move data from or to a work buffer The work buffer is located on the hard disk adapter board starting at location 9CaaaH This buffer is used by the CBIOS only and is not accessible to the user for either programs or data The actual physical read or write takes place at either WRITEHST or READHST where all values have been prepared hstdsk is the host disk number hsttrk is th...

Page 219: ...ee space is allocated independently for the two drives The system can physically copy from one drive to the other The system supports up to two physical hard disk units labelled 0 and 1 The drives are labelled E and F unit 0 G and H unit 1 PHYSICAL FORMAT Each drive is organized in the following format as shown in Figure J 1 89 5 cylinders 562 allocation blocks 4 60MB disk space 24 tracks free spa...

Page 220: ...I 1 Drive E or G Drive For H 86 89 r _ _ J I I 1 I I 4 60 Data A ea Mbytes J I t L _____1_ 1 1 1 Realloca ti Areas 1 I Free Space I r i r Directory Area 1 i I 176 177 178 179 180 1 I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I I l I I I I 1 Data Area 1 I I I I I I I l 1 r J_ 1 I r I I 1 I I 1 I I 1 Free Space Reallocation Area 1 I I Maintenance Area l Cylinder o 1213 1 4 1 5 6 I I I I I 7 4 60 Mbytes ...

Page 221: ...dresses are all FFH A track with an ID section not equal to FFH but with its most significant bit set to 1 is defined as apermanent bad track A permanent bad track is a bad track which has already been detected upon the shipment from the factory and has been identified by the manufacturer by setting on the LSB in the head address in the ID section The shipment of a hard disk having a bad track is ...

Page 222: ...a track on the disk o 5 6 7 8 188 255 I I I I I I I I EIRIMIAIP 6 I I I I I I I I Figure J 2 Error Map NOC C IC I C I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ERROR BIT MAP o III 2 I I I I t t t t t I t I I I O 1 2 3 4 5 MSB t 6 1 bad track t 7 LSB o normal track L Number of Cylinders C O C 180 Cylinder No 0 180 to t7 Track No 0 7 To reduce seek time the system uses the track that immediately follows the...

Page 223: ... I 1 5 I 1 6 I 1 7 I _ __ J OL _ Q U L l 4 L _ J l L 7 2 0 2 1 I 2 2 I 2 3 I 2 4 I FFF FF 2 6 I 2 7 I 2 2 0 I 2 1 J 2 2 I 2 3 I 2 4 2 5 I 2 6 3 0 j FFF FF 3 2 T 3 3 1 3 4 i 3 5 3 6 1 1 3 7 _ _ 7 ____ J 3 0 _ _ IL t 3 _ 31 3 4 l3 5 i 4 I I I I I I I I I I I I I Note i j c t i j i cylinder j track physical id written by HDFORMAT FFFH FFH or i 80 87H is a bad track c t c cylinder t track logical id u...

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Page 225: ... You can use the driver with this number or change the assignment MAXIMUM BAUD RATE NIA COMMUNICATIONS NIA GRAPHIC INPUT The cursor is moved by pressing one of the four cursor movement keys on the keyboard When the cursor is at the desired location the point can be selected by pressing any alphanumeric key other than RETURN TEXT The APC has 16 character sizes Text can be rotated in 45 degree incre...

Page 226: ...ny of eight color indices Color indices are mapped to one or eight colors which may be rede fined The default association of color indices is Index Color 0 Black 1 Red 2 Green 3 Blue 4 Cyan 5 Yellow 6 Magenta 7 White The available GDPs and their identifiers are 1 Bars 2 Circles both hollow and fill styles In addition to the required escape functions the following optional escape functions are avai...

Page 227: ...lyline Polymarker Text Filled area Cell array Generalized Drawing Primitives Set character height Set character up vector Set color representation Set polyline linetype Set polyline color index Set polymarker type Set polymarker scale Set polymarker color index Set text font Set text color index Set fill interior style Set fill style index Set fill color index Inquire color representation Input lo...

Page 228: ...ing to avoid losing data at high baud rates GRAPHIC INPUT GIN When GIN is invoked on the ADM5 Retro Graphics terminal a crosshair cursor appears on the screen The crosshair can be moved by pressing one of the four cursor movement keys on the keyboard When the cursor is at the desired location the point can be selected by pressing any alphanumeric key other than RETURN This causes the coordinates o...

Page 229: ... combinations of dashed and dotted lines The ADM5 Retro Graphics terminal is a mono chrome device Only the colors black color index 0 and white color index 1 are supported These indi ces can be remapped to a color other than the default but only white or black The available GDPs and their identifiers are 1 Bars 2 Arcs 3 Pie Slices 4 Circles The required escape functions are available on the ADM5 R...

Page 230: ...n Clear workstation Update workstation Escape Polyline Polymarker Text Filled area Cell array Generalized Drawing Primitives Set character height Set character up vector Set color representation Set polyline linetype Set polyline color index Set polymarker type Set polymarker color index Set text color index Set fill interior style Set fill style index Set fill color index Inquire color repres nta...

Page 231: ... high baud rates GRAPHIC INPUT GIN When GIN is invoked on the VIEWPOINT Retro Graphics terminal a crosshair cursor appears on the screen The crosshair can be moved by pressing one of the four cursor movement keys on the keyboard while simultaneously pressing the SHIFT When the cursor is at the desired location the point can be selected by pressing any alphanumeric key other than RETURN This causes...

Page 232: ...WPOINT Retro Graphics terminal is a monochrome device Only the colors black color index 0 and white color index 1 are supported These indices can be remapped to a color other than the default but only black or white The available GDPs and their identifiers are 1 Bars 2 Arcs 3 Pie Slices 4 Circles In addition to the required escape functions the following optional escape functions are available on ...

Page 233: ...n Clear workstation Update workstation Escape Polyline Polymarker Text Filled area Cell array Generalized Drawing Primitives Set character height Set character up vector Set color representation Set polyline linetype Set polyline color index Set polymarker type Set polymarker color index Set text color index Set fill interior style Set fill style index Set fill color index Inquire color representa...

Page 234: ...agging to avoid losing data at high baud rates GRAPHIC INPUT GIN When GIN is invoked on the 910 Retro Graphics terminal a crosshair cursor appears on the screen The crosshair can be moved by pressing one of the four cursor movement keys on the keyboard When the cursor is at the desired location the point can be selected by pressing any alphanumeric key other than RETURN This causes the coordinates...

Page 235: ...tro Graphics terminal is a monochrome device Only the colors black color index 0 and white color index 1 are supported These indices can be remapped to a color other than the default but only to black or white The available GDPs and their identifiers are 1 Bars 2 Arcs 3 Pie Slices 4 Circles In addition to the required escape functions the following optional escape functions are available on the 91...

Page 236: ...ation Clear workstation Update workstation Escape Polyline Polymarker Text Filled area Cell array Generalized Drawing Primitives Set character height Set character up vector Set color representation Set polyline linetype Set polyline color index Set polymarker type Set polymarker color index Set text color index Set fill interior style Set fill style index Set fill color index Inquire color repres...

Page 237: ...void losing data at high baud rates GRAPHIC INPUT GIN When GIN is invoked on the COLORSCAN IO Retro Graphics terminal a crosshair cursor appears on the screen The crosshair can be moved by press ing one ofthe four cursor movement keys When the cursor is at the desired location the point can be selected by pressing any alphanumeric key other than RETURN This causes the coordinates of the point to b...

Page 238: ...raphics is a color terminal Areas may be filled with any of 7 color indices Color indices are mapped to one of 7 colors which can be redefined The default associa tion of color indices is Index Color 0 Black 1 Red 2 Green 3 Blue 4 Cyan 5 Yellow 6 Magenta The available GDPs and their identifiers are 1 Bars 2 Arcs 3 Pie Slices 4 Circles In addition to the required escape functions the following opti...

Page 239: ...tion Clear workstation Update workstation Escape Polyline Polymarker Text Fill area Cell array Generalized Drawing Primitives Set character height Set character up vector Set color representation Set polyline linetype Set polyline color index Set polymarker type Set polymarker color index Set text color index Set fill interior style Set fill style index Set fill color index Inquire color represent...

Page 240: ... on the screen The crosshair can be moved by pressing one of the four cursor movement keys up down left right on the top row of keys on the keyboard When the cursor is at the desired location the point can be selected by pressing any alphanumeric key other than RETURN This causes the coordinates of the point to be transmitted back to the user program The terminal must be set up so that GIN is term...

Page 241: ...wo levels of gray scale intensity black and white Color specifications are mapped to an appropriate gray scale intensity All colors other than black are mapped to white The default association of color indices with gray scale monochrome intensity is o 0 Intensity Black 1 100 Intensity White No GDPs are available on the VT100 In addition to the required escape functions the following optional escap...

Page 242: ...Close workstation Clear workstation Update workstation Escape Polyline Polymarker Text Filled area Cell array Set character height Set color representation Set polyline linetype Set polyline color index Set polymarker type Set polymarker color index Set text color index Set fill color index Inquire color representation Input locator Input string Set writing mode replace xor erase Set input mode re...

Page 243: ...0 baud COMMUNICATIONS Standard serial communications RS 232C GRAPHIC INPUT GIN The device does not support graphic input TEXT The printer supports 12 character sizes Text can be rotated in 90 degree increments MARKERS 1 2 3 4 0 5 X LINESTYLE The printer has five hardware linestyles Linestyle 1 is solid and linestyles 2 5 are combinations of dashed and dotted lines COLOR The MX 80 printer supports ...

Page 244: ...9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 19 20 22 23 24 25 Definition Open workstation Close workstation Clear workstation Update workstation Escape Polyline Polymarker Text Filled area Cell array Generalized Drawing Primitives Set character height Set character up vector Set color representation Set polyline linetype Set polyline color index Set polymarker type Set polymarker scale Set polymarker color index Se...

Page 245: ...the desired location the point can be selected by pressing ENTER This causes the coordinates ofthe point to be transmitted back to the user program TEXT The HP 7220 has continuous scaling of character sizes Text can be rotated in one degree increments MARKERS I 2 3 4 0 5 X LINESTYLE The 7220 plotter has seven hardware linestyles Linestyle I is solid and linestyles 2 7 are combina tions of dashed a...

Page 246: ... 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 17 18 20 22 25 26 28 33 Definition Open workstation Close workstation Clear workstation Update workstation Escape Polyline Polymarker Text Filled area Cell array Set character height Set character up vector Set color representation Set polyline linetype Set polyline color index Set polymarker type Set polymarker color index Set text color index Set fill color index Inquire colo...

Page 247: ... Standard serial communications RS 232C GRAPHIC INPUT GIN The pen holder is used to indicate what point is to be input The pen holder is moved by pressing the position keys on the front panel When the cursor is at the desired location the point can be selected by pressing ENTER This causes the coordinates ofthe point to be transmitted back to the user program TEXT The HP 7470A has continuous scali...

Page 248: ...efault index 1is held in pen holder 1 and index 2 is held in pen holder 2 If the user is using more than these two colors then a prompt will be generated telling the user to insert the desired color in a pen station and then enter the pen station So the index parameter in the routines that refer to a color index corresponds to a pen number not a pen holder i e index 1corresponds to pen 1 index 2 t...

Page 249: ...on Clear workstation Update workstation Escape Polyline Polymarker Text Filled area Cell array Set character height Set character up vector Set color representation Set polyline linetype Set polyline color index Set polymarker type Set polymarker scale Set polymarker color index Set text font Set text color index Set fill color index Inquire color representation Input locator Set input mode reques...

Page 250: ... carried through to pin 5 at the plotter connector Also pin 9 must be jumpered to pin 7 at the plotter connector to enable HIPLOT mode 2 communications The Input Output uses this form ofhandshaking communications since at high baud rates the plotter cannot plot data as fast as it receives data from the computer Also note that to set the baud rate at the plotter end pin 6 must be wired to one of th...

Page 251: ...re combinations of dashed and dotted lines TheDMP 3 4 443 has six pens The index parame ter in the routines that set a color index corresponds directly to a plotter pen number i e index 0 corres ponds to pen 1 index 1to pen 2 index 5 to pen 6 Indices greater than 5 are mapped to pen 6 Indices less than 0 are mapped to pen 1 No GDPs are available on the DMP 3 4 443 The required escape function is a...

Page 252: ...orkstation Close workstation Clear workstation Update workstation Escape Polyline Polymarker Text Filled area Cell array Set character height Set character up vector Set color representation Set polyline linetype Set polyline color index Set polymarker type Set polymarker scale Set polymarker color index Set text color index Set fill color index Inquire color representation ...

Page 253: ...oes not support GIN TEXT The DMP 6 7 has nine character sizes Text can be rotated in 90 degree increments MARKERS 1 2 X 3 D 4 0 5 6 X LINESTYLE The DMP 6 7 Multipen plotter has nine hardware linestyles Linestyle 1is solid and linestyles 2 9 are combinations of dashed and dotted lines COLOR The DMP 6 7 has eight pens The index parameter in the routines that set a color index correspond directly to ...

Page 254: ... 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 19 20 22 25 26 Definition Open workstation Close workstation Clear workstation Update workstation Escape Polyline Polymarker Text Filled area Cell array Generalized Drawing Primitives Set character height Set character up vector Set color representation Set polyline linetype Set polyline color index Set polymarker type Set polymarker scale Set polymarker color index Set ...

Page 255: ...AUD RATE 9600 baud COMMUNICATIONS Standard serial communications RS 232C GRAPHIC INPUT GIN The printers do not support graphic input TEXT The IDS printers support 12 character sizes Text can be rotated in 90 degree increments MARKERS 1 2 3 4 0 5 X LINESTYLE The IDS printers have five hardware linestyles Linestyle 1 is solid and linestyles 2 5 are combina tions of dashed and dotted lines COLOR The ...

Page 256: ... 12 13 14 15 17 18 20 22 23 24 25 26 Definition Open workstation Close workstation Clear workstation Update workstation Escape Polyline Polymarker Text Filled area Cell array Generalized Drawing Primitives Set character height Set character up vector Set color representation Set polyline linetype Set polyline color index Set polymarker type Set polymarker color index Set text color index Set fill ...

Page 257: ...ut TEXT The IDS printers support 12 character sizes Text can be rotated in 90 degree increments MARKERS 1 2 3 4 0 5 X LINESTYLE The IDS printers have five hardware linestyles Linestyle 1 is solid and linestyles 2 5 are combina tions of dashed and dotted lines COLOR The IDS printers with the color option support eight colors It is assumed that the process ribbon is being used to allow color mixing ...

Page 258: ... 12 13 14 15 17 18 20 22 23 24 25 26 Definition Open workstation Close workstation Clear workstation Update workstation Escape Polyline Polymarker Text Filled area Cell array Generalized Drawing Primitives Set character height Set character up vector Set color representation Set polyline linetype Set polyline color index Set polymarker type Set polymarker color index Set text color index Set fill ...

Page 259: ...MMUNICATIONS Standard serial communications RS 232C GRAPHIC INPUT GIN The device does not support graphic input TEXT The printer supports 12 character sizes Text can be rotated in 90 degree increments MARKERS 1 2 3 4 0 5 X LINESTYLE The printer has five hardware linestyles Linestyle 1 is solid and linestyles 2 5 are combinations of dashed and dotted lines COLOR The Microline 92 printer supports on...

Page 260: ...code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 17 18 19 20 22 23 24 25 Definition Open workstation Close workstation Clear workstation Update workstation Escape Polyline Polymarker Text Filled area Cell array Generalized Drawing Primitives Set character height Set character up vector Set polyline linetype Set polyline color index Set polymarker type Set polymarker scale Set polymarker color index Set text ...

Page 261: ...module device driver MAXIMUM BAUD RATE 9600 baud COMMUNICATIONS Standard serial communications RS 232C GRAPHIC INPUT GIN The device does not support graphic input TEXT The printer supports 12 character sizes Text can be rotated in 90 degree increments MARKERS 1 2 3 4 0 5 X LINESTYLE The printer has five hardware linestyles Linestyle 1 is solid and linestyles 2 5 are combinations of dashed and dott...

Page 262: ... available in the MPV printer GIOS are Opcode 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 17 18 19 20 22 23 24 25 Definition Open workstation Close workstation Clear workstation Update workstation Escape Polyline Polymarker Text Filled area Cell array Generalized Drawing Primitives Set character height Set character up vector Set polyline linetype Set polyline color index Set polymarker type Set polymarker s...

Page 263: ... COMMUNICATIONS GRAPHIC INPUT GIN TEXT MARKERS LINESTYLE COLOR Standard serial communications RS 232C The devices do not support graphic input The printers support 12 character sizes Text can be rotated in 90 degree increments 1 2 3 4 0 5 X The printers have five hardware linestyles Linestyle 1 is solid and linestyles 2 5 are combinations of dashed and dotted lines The P300 and P600 printers suppo...

Page 264: ...Opcode 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 17 18 19 20 22 23 24 25 Definition Open workstation Close workstation Clear workstation Update workstation Escape Polyline Polymarker Text Filled area Cell array Generalized Drawing Primitives Set character height Set character up vector Set polyline linetype Set polyline color index Set polymarker type Set polymarker scale Set polymarker color index Set tex...

Page 265: ... 9600 baud COMMUNICATIONS Standard serial communications RS 232C GRAPHIC INPUT GIN No graphic input is available TEXT The STROBE 100 has continuous scaling ofcharac ter sizes Text can be rotated in 90 degree increments Lowercase characters are mapped to upper case MARKERS 1 2 X 3 4 0 5 D 6 7 1 8 0 9 0 LINESTYLE The STROBE 100 plotter has five software emulated linestyles Linestyle 1 is solid and l...

Page 266: ...rompted to insert pen 1 into the pen holder If you wish to use any other color a prompt is generated telling you to insert the desired color in the pen holder and then press RETURN to continue The index parameter in the routines that refer to a color index corresponds to a pen number not to the pen holder i e index 1 corresponds to pen 1 index 2 to pen 2 index 3 to pen 3 There is no limit to the n...

Page 267: ...tation Close workstation Clear workstation Update workstation Escape Polyline Polymarker Text Filled area Cell array Set character height Set character up vector Set color representation Set polyline linetype Set polyline color index Set polymarker type Set polymarker scale Set polymarker color index Set text color index Set fill color index Inquire color representation K 43 ...

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Page 269: ...2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 7 Base Page Initialization 1 2 2 7 Basic Disk Operating System BDOS 1 1 1 4 1 5 2 6 3 3 4 1 5 1 6 1 8 4 D l Basic 1 0 System BIOS 1 1 1 2 1 4 4 12 4 13 4 30 4 32 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 4 D l Baud Rate 6 27 BDOS Error 4 12 4 21 BDOS File Operations Close File 4 3 4 15 Chain to Program 4 3 4 30 Compute File Size 4 3 4 26 Delete File 4 3 4 16 Direct BIOS call 4 3 4 31 5 18 6 1 Get Addr Alloc 4...

Page 270: ... 5 Return Version Number 4 3 4 10 Set I O Byte 4 3 4 8 System Reset 4 3 4 4 5 5 Beep Sound Parameters 6 15 Beginning Address B 3 3 3 4 BIOS Functions 4 31 5 1 BIOS Jump Vector 5 2 Index 2 Blink Attribute 6 6 6 22 A 2 Blocking 1 1 BOOT ROM 8 1 8 2 8 3 8 4 Bootstrap 1 4 5 5 8 1 Built in Command 2 1 DIR 2 1 ERA 2 1 REN 2 1 TYPE 2 1 USER 2 1 Byte 1 3 C CAPS Key 4 4 6 9 CBIOS Error Messages 4 1 Cell Ar...

Page 271: ...19 DD7220 SYS 9 5 K 21 DD7470 SYS 9 5 K 23 DDHI3M SYS 9 5 K 26 DDHI7M SYS 9 5 K 29 DDIDS SYS 9 5 K 31 DDISC SYS 9 5 K 33 DDOKID SYS 9 5 K 35 DDPMPV SYS 9 5 K 37 DDPRTX SYS 9 5 K 39 DDSTRB SYS 9 5 K 41 DDT 86 1 2 2 1 2 2 4 32 9 46 Deblocking 1 1 Default disk number 1 2 DEL 4 9 Delete File 4 3 4 16 Device Driver 9 1 9 2 9 3 9 4 9 7 9 44 DIR 2 1 DIRBUF 7 1 Direct BIOS Call 4 3 4 31 5 18 6 1 Direct Co...

Page 272: ...e Tablet Status 9 12 9 23 Output Cursor Addressable Text 9 12 9 22 Place Cursor at Location 9 12 9 24 Remove Cursor 9 12 9 24 Reverse Video Off 9 12 9 22 Reverse Video On 9 12 9 22 Escape Sequence Functions 1 1 5 1 6 1 A I Format 6 1 Definition 6 1 Escape Code Sequences 6 4 A I Auxiliary Character Set 6 8 Cursor Backward 6 4 Cursor Down 6 4 Cursor Forward 6 4 Cursor Position 6 5 Cursor Up 6 4 Eras...

Page 273: ...g System GDOS 9 1 9 6 9 8 Calling Sequence 9 9 Cell Array 9 12 9 26 Clear Workstation 9 12 9 17 Close Workstation 9 12 9 17 Escape 9 12 9 17 Filled Area 9 12 9 26 Generalized Drawing Primitive 9 12 9 27 Input choice 9 12 9 41 Input Locator 9 12 9 38 Input String 9 12 9 42 Input Valuator 9 12 9 40 Inquire Cell Array 9 12 9 37 Inquire Color Representation 9 12 9 36 Open Workstation 9 11 9 12 9 13 9 ...

Page 274: ... 26 Houston Instruments Hiplot DMP 6 7 MUltipen Plotter 9 5 K 29 I INIT 5 2 5 5 8 3 8 5 Index 6 Initialize Keyboard FIFO Buffer 6 18 Initialize RS 232C 6 10 6 27 Input Choice 9 12 9 41 Input Control Array 9 9 Input Locator 9 12 9 38 Input Parameter Array 9 9 Input Point Coordinate Array 9 10 Input String 9 12 9 42 Input Valuator 9 12 9 40 Inquire Addressable Character Cells 9 12 9 19 Inquire Cell ...

Page 275: ...te Value 6 13 NULL 5 2 5 18 o Offset 1 3 1 5 Okidata Microline 92 Printer 9 5 K 35 Online Status 4 14 Open File 4 3 4 14 4 15 4 17 4 18 Open Parentheses 6 8 Open Workstation 9 11 9 12 9 13 9 46 Output Cursor Addressable Text 9 12 9 22 Over Line Attribute 6 6 6 22 A 2 p Paragraph 1 3 Paragraph Boundary 1 3 Parity Check 6 28 Peripheral Devices 5 6 Physical Diskette Structure 7 8 Pie Slice 9 27 PIP 1...

Page 276: ...3 4 14 SELECT Error 4 12 Sequence Introducer 6 1 Set a Mode 6 8 A 3 Index 8 Set Character Height 9 12 9 30 Set Character Up Vector 9 12 9 31 Set Color Representation 9 12 9 31 Set DMA Address 4 3 4 20 4 38 Set DMA Segment Base 4 3 4 20 4 32 4 38 Set File Attributes 4 3 4 21 Set Fill Color Index 9 12 9 36 Set Fill Interior Style 9 12 9 35 Set Fill Style Index 9 12 9 35 Set I O Byte 4 3 4 8 Set Poly...

Page 277: ...lating Programs 1 4 2 1 2 7 4 1 TYPE 2 1 U Under Line Attribute 6 6 6 22 A 2 Update Workstation 9 12 9 17 USER 2 1 V Vertical Line Attribute 6 6 6 22 A 2 Video Memory Format 6 21 Virtual Device Interface VDI 9 9 9 44 Virtual File Size 4 26 VT100 9 5 K 16 W Warm Start 1 1 1 4 4 14 4 21 5 5 WBOOT 5 2 5 5 5 15 Word 1 3 Workstation ID 9 3 9 7 WRITE 5 10 5 14 1 1 1 2 Write CMOS 6 10 6 26 Write Protect ...

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Page 279: ...l Please list any errors in this manual Specify by page From Name _______________________________________________________________________ Title _______________________________________ ___________ Company ___________________________________________________ Address _____________________________________________________________________ DealerName _______________________________________________________...

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