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It takes the voltages from the five sources and adds them together. The gain of the summer is set by 
the input resistors and R44 and the V/OCT trimmer. For the two 1V/octave inputs the gain is 
roughly -0.7. The V/OCT trimmer is adjusted to give a rise of one octave in output frequency when 
the keyboard input voltage goes up by 1V. The output of the CV summer is then fed to the 
exponential convertor via R29 and R30.

The exponential convertor is based around on half of U3 (5, 6, 7) and the quad NPN array of U4. Its 
output is a current that is proportional to the exponent of the voltage applied at the base of the left 
hand transistor of U4. The circuit gives the VCO a sensitivity of roughly -18mV/octave, so R29 and 
R30 reduce the output of the CV summer to this level. However, it is worth noting that R30 is a 
temperature sensitive resistor. The resistance of R30 will go up with temperature at a rate of 0.33% 
for every degree Celsius. This should counteract the temperature effects produced by the 
semiconductor junctions in U4. To get the best temperature stability R30 is mounted right on top of 
U4. This way the temperature of the two devices should be the same.

It is possible to get an exponential response from a single transistor, but that has problems as Vbe, 
the junction voltage, changes with ambient temperature. The ‘temp co’ resistor cannot compensate 
for this change in the transistor’s operating current. So the now classic circuit with two perfectly 
matched transistors and an op-amp, U4 and U3, is used. Changes in the Vbe for one half of the 
transistor pair are mirrored in the other. The op-amp then matches the current in the first transistor 
with the same current in the other one. So the collector current in the first transistor will effectively 
control the collector current in the second. And it is the current drawn by the second transistor that 
controls the frequency of the VCO.

The op-amp method also has another bonus, it allows an additional current to be injected into the 
inverting pin of U3. This current will directly control the output current of the exponential 
convertor. R15 allows an input CV to control this current. We now have a linear frequency 
modulation input, whose sensitivity is set by R15. Connecting this input to the wiper of a pot, 
allows you to control the sensitivity of this input directly from the VCO’s front panel.

Note that this input is not a true linear input control. This VCO, and most other modular VCOs, do 
not have that capability. What we have here is a constant modulation index input. This is linear 
modulation, but not linear control. The precise description of this statement is probably beyond the 
scope of this document, but in a nut shell it means this: The linear input will not act with a strict 
volt per hertz relationship. That is, for every 1V, the output frequency will not rise by a fixed 
amount. But it will act so that audio rate FM will create a constant depth of modulation on any 
given frequency controlled by the usual 1V/octave inputs. This means that the for audio rate FM 
effects (clangs, bells and the like) you can get very good results with the linear FM input.

R3 has been chosen to set the operating frequency of the VCO at approximately 1kHz when the 
voltage at the base of the left hand transistor is zero. The exponential convertor works at its most 
accurate when the voltage across the two bases is zero. And since the human ear is particularly 
sensitive to frequency changes at around 1kHz it is good to make the most accurate part of the VCO 
at this frequency.

The output of the exponential convertor is a current. It is this current that controls the core of the 
oscillator. Contrary to many people’s ideas, the core of a VCO is typically a linear CCO. That is a 
current controlled oscillator. A doubling of current to (or from in this case) the CCO will produce a 
doubling of output frequency.

6

Summary of Contents for VCO 5U

Page 1: ...Oakley Sound Systems 5U Oakley Modular Series One of Three Voltage Controlled Oscillator PCB Issue 5 Builder s Guide V5 0 7 Tony Allgood B Eng PGCE Oakley Sound Systems CARLISLE United Kingdom 1 ...

Page 2: ...2 ...

Page 3: ...e unit the history of the various board issues and all the calibration procedures please visit the main project webpage at http www oakleysound com vco htm For general information regarding where to get parts and suggested part numbers please see our useful Parts Guide at the project webpage or http www oakleysound com parts pdf For general information on how to build our modules including circuit...

Page 4: ...itches and extra pots wired to the board by individual wires This module allows all the socket wiring to be done via the socket PCB and two MTA solderless or Molex connections If you are building this module in the standard Oakley format this new system will reduce assembly time and possible wiring errors Some people will wish to use this Oakley design in a non standard format such as fitting it t...

Page 5: ...r leaving the unit by the power supply lines A LM723 voltage regulator IC is used to provide the 10V This is an old IC design some 30 years but it is a superb device and has very low noise The only problem is that you have to set the output manually PSU is a trimmer to set the voltage to be exactly 10 00V The PCB has been laid out for a 6mm cermet trimmer for long term stability Additional power s...

Page 6: ...by the second transistor that controls the frequency of the VCO The op amp method also has another bonus it allows an additional current to be injected into the inverting pin of U3 This current will directly control the output current of the exponential convertor R15 allows an input CV to control this current We now have a linear frequency modulation input whose sensitivity is set by R15 Connectin...

Page 7: ...oise from accidental triggering of the VCO The buffered signal is then passed to a simple differentiator based around C9 back on page one again This part in conjunction with D1 and R24 only allow only fast moving rising edges of the input waveform to reset the VCO core In theory this should allow any pulse wave to be used as sync waveforms but the best sync sounds can be obtained when a falling sa...

Page 8: ...ed emitter resistor R17 can be used to effectively measure the emitter current since the voltage on its bottom end will fall as collector current rises Previously we took this voltage passed it through a diode to compensate for the base emitter voltage drop Vbe of the matched pair and then fed a small proportion of the resultant voltage back to the base of the left hand transistor This works well ...

Page 9: ...ection of this is the CV summer and is based around U9 pins 1 2 3 This circuit simply sums together the PWM pulse width modulation CV input and the voltage from the wiper of the Width pot The output of the CV summer will go from around 5V to 5V when being controlled by the Width pot alone The pulse wave generator itself is based around the second half of the comparator U7 pins 5 6 7 This compares ...

Page 10: ...ro This is because the offset added compensates for the altering amounts of time the waveform spends in the high or low states The summing circuit also inverts the waveform so once again we create the wrong phase A simple op amp inverter circuit U9 pins 9 10 11 turns the pulse wave the right way round again If you do not want this dynamically varying output signal then all you need to do is omit R...

Page 11: ...e that is a very good part However the actual theoretical value of compensation should be closer to around 3500ppm K when used in the circuit that I have chosen The Meggitt part thus falls slightly short of this and may cause the VCO to lose V oct tracking over the full keyboard range unless the ambient temperature is pretty stable It is therefore preferable to get something closer to the ideal va...

Page 12: ...00nF one thousand nanofarad To prevent loss of the small as the decimal point a convention of inserting the unit in its place is used eg 4R7 is a 4 7 ohm 4K7 is a 4700 ohm resistor 6n8 is a 6 8 nF capacitor Resistors All 5 carbon 1 4W or better Components designated as 1 should be 0 25W 1 metal film or better 22R R50 42 41 60 7 75 100R R11 390R R19 23 470R 1 R37 1K R55 62 24 56 39 67 1K 3500ppm K ...

Page 13: ...c C18 10uF 25V electrolytic C3 22uF 25V electrolytic C15 5 7 17 6 19 24 26 1 Discrete Semiconductors 1N4148 signal diode D2 BAT42 Schottky diode D1 BC550 NPN transistor Q1 2 4 5 J112 J FET Q3 Integrated Circuits LM1458 dual bi polar op amp U6 LM13700 transconductance amp U8 LM2903 dual comparator U7 LM723 voltage regulator U1 LT1013CP low drift dual op amp U2 U3 THAT300P matched NPN quad array U4 ...

Page 14: ...nd socket PCB 2 off 4 way 0 1 MTA Molex housing MAIN 2 cable 2 off 5 way 0 1 MTA Molex header POTS Pot PCB and socket PCB 2 off 5 way 0 1 MTA Molex housing NSE cable 2 off 6 way 0 1 MTA Molex header MAIN 1 Main PCB and socket PCB 2 off 6 way 0 1 MTA Molex housing MAIN 1 cable 2 off 55mm 8 way jumper lead LINK interconnect 1 off MTA156 4 way header PWR Oakley MOTM power supply MTA100 6 way header P...

Page 15: ...so that all the nut is in place on the bush of the switch Now use the inner nut to tighten the switch to the panel This way you won t scratch the front of the panel Use a 5 16 open ended spanner to do this but don t tighten it too much it s only a little switch It doesn t matter which way the switch goes in so long as the toggle moves up and down Note you do not have to use the tagged washer that ...

Page 16: ...sizers com The PWR2 power socket is to be fitted if you are using the module with a Synthesizers com system In this case you should not fit the PWR header The PWR2 header is a six way 0 1 MTA but with the pin that is in location 2 removed In this way location 3 is actually pin 2 on my schematic location 4 is actually pin 5 and so on Power Location number Schematic Pin number 15V 1 1 Missing Pin 2 ...

Page 17: ...and the pot board All the remaining interconnects will be made using either the MTA system or the slower but cheaper Molex system Make up the 4 way interconnect first This should be made from wires 100 mm long Make sure you get pin 1 going to pin 1 on the other housing pin 2 to pin 2 etc This cable will connect to the headers called MAIN 2 on each board The second lead is a 5 way interconnect This...

Page 18: ... can be found and fixed within one hour and I normally return modules within a week The minimum charge is 25GBP plus return postage costs If you have a comment about this builder s guide or have a found a mistake in it then please do let me know But please do not contact me or Paul Darlow directly with questions about sourcing components or general fault finding Honestly we would love to help but ...

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