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9. Aberrations

A difference between an ideal image and an actual image that
passes through an optical system is called an “aberration.”

9.1 Requirements for Ideal Image Formation

The following three requirements must be satisfied to form an
image with no aberration, or an ideal image.

(i) All the light rays coming from a single point and passing

through an image formation optical system converge on a
single point.

(ii) Image points, which correspond to object points on the

same plane perpendicular to the optical axis, are present
on the same plane.

(iii) The planar shape of an object and the planar shape of an

image that are on the same plane perpendicular to the
optical axis have a similarity relation.

In an actual optical system, however, it is very difficult to strictly
meet the requirements for ideal image formation and this causes
“aberrations” that interfere with image forming performance.

9.2 Classification of Aberrations

Aberrations that interfere with image forming performance are
classified as shown below in Figure 9-2.

Seidel’s aberration = “Expansion of a point image” +
“Curvature of image plane” + “Deformation”

Types (1) to (3) correspond to “expansion of a point image” that
goes against requirement (i) for ideal image formation in Figure 9-
1.  Type (4) corresponds to “curvature of image plane” that goes
against requirement (ii) in Figure 9-1. Type (5) corresponds to
“deformation” that goes against requirement (iii) in Figure 9-1.  
Types (6) and (7) correspond to “color blur” of images caused by

characteristics of glass materials used for the optical system.  
“Expansion of a point image” can also be expressed by
“wavefront aberration” that regards the light as “waves” and
takes account of the phase to include the influence of diffraction.

(1) Spherical aberration

When light rays coming out of an axial object point enter a lens,
the light rays with a larger numerical aperture (N.A.) are
subjected to stronger refraction power and cross the optical axis
in positions with larger differences from the ideal image
formation position.  The aberration caused this way by different
image forming positions due to differences in N.A. of axial light
rays is called “spherical aberration.”  (“Spherical aberration” is
proportional to the cube of N.A.)

It is said that objective lenses with larger N.A. have better
resolution but worsen spherical aberration.  Our advanced
design and manufacturing techniques have realized good optical
performance even with large numerical aperture.

(2) Coma aberration

Even though spherical aberration is compensated to be very
small, there are cases where light rays coming out of an off-axis
object point are not condensed to a single point on the image
plane but generate asymmetric blur just like a comet leaving
traces.  This is called coma aberration.

(3) Astigmatism

Even though a lens is compensated for spherical aberration and
coma aberration, there are cases where an image of an off-axis
object point is not focused to a single point but separated to a
concentric line image and a radial line image.  This is called
“astigmatism.”  When astigmatism is present, a point image
blurs vertically and horizontally, before and after the focus
position.

45

OPTICAL TERMINOLOGY

Object

i

ii

iii

Figure 9-1    Requirements for Ideal Image Formation

Image plane

Aberration

Seidel's 

aberration

Chromatic 

aberration

(1) Spherical aberration

(2) Coma aberration

(3) Astigmatism

(4) Field curvature

(5) Distortion

(6) Longitudinal (axial) 
    chromatic aberration

(7) Chromatic aberration 
     of magnification

Figure 9-2    Classification of Aberrations

Specimen

Objective lens with 
spherical aberration

Aplanatic 
tube lens

Image plane

Figure 9-3    Spherical Aberration

Specimen

Aplanatic 
tube lens

Objective lens with 
coma aberration

Image plane

Figure 9-4    Coma Aberration and Spot Shape 
                      on the Image Plane

Summary of Contents for Microscope

Page 1: ...MICROSCOPE COMPONENTS GUIDE Choosing The Ideal UIS2 Optics Components For Your Equipment 2 0 0 6 1 1 ...

Page 2: ...such diverse fields as research inspection and production to take advantage of the quality flexibility and outstanding optical performance of the UIS2 Optical System That s why installing Olympus microscope components is quite simply the right choice for your equipment 1 ...

Page 3: ... housing U UVF248LB U LH80HBXE 42 OPTICAL TERMINOLOGY 43 46 WELCOME TO UIS2 UIS OPTICS 3 4 SYSTEM DIAGRAM 5 6 UIS2 UIS OBJECTIVE LENSES 7 18 M Plan SemiApochromat MPLFLN series 8 Long WD M Plan SemiApochromat LMPLFLN series 9 M Plan Achromat MPLN series 10 LCD Long WD M Plan SemiApochromat LCPLFLN LCD series 11 M Plan Apochromat MPlanApo series 12 Super Long WD M Plan Achromat SLMPlan series 12 IR...

Page 4: ...es of infinity corrected optics This system known as infinity corrected optics offers a number of advantages There is no change in magnification even when the distance between the objective lens and tube lens is altered With the total magnification remaining constant there is no image aberration even when prisms or sliders are interposed between the objective lens and the tube lens As thousands of...

Page 5: ...berration refer to the optical terminology at the end of this document 2 Objective lenses with excellent image parcentricity High power SemiApochromatic UIS2 objective lenses make the centration tolerance between objective lenses on the microscope nosepiece keep the image within the enter of the field of view even with digital cameras 50x or higher power in both MPLFLN and LMPLFLN series 3 Improve...

Page 6: ... WHN Eyepieces SWH Eyepieces BX RLA2 ND FS AS BX URA2 U RCV U KMAS SZX TLGAD U DULHA BX KMA BX KMA ESD U POTP3 FS AS U TV0 25xC U TV0 35xC 2 U TV0 5xC 3 U TV0 63xC U TMAD U BMAD U SMAD U FMT U CMAD3 Video camera C mount Video camera S mount 2 3 Video camera F mount Video camera B mount 2 3 U TV1x 2 Revolving nosepiece Refer to pages 34 35 Refer to pages 19 21 Refer to page 22 Refer to pages 23 28 ...

Page 7: ...HGAPO U LH100HG BF DF objective lenses BF objective lenses BD M AD Refer to pages 38 40 Refer to page 26 Refer to pages 7 18 Refer to page 35 BX REMCB is also available for BX RLAA motorized revolving nosepiece control refer to page 39 See manual U D6REMC U P5REMC U D5BDREMC U AFA1M U LH100 3 U LH100L 3 U LH100HG U LH75XEAPO U FWR U HSTR2 BX UCB Objective lenses BXFMA F U IFFH U FH PC U RMT ø32fil...

Page 8: ...ve lenses is standardized the position of the DIC prism does not have to be switched when changing the magnification a MPLN series M Plan Achromat P 10 Plan Achromat objective lenses providing excellent image flatness up to F N 22 a LCPLFLN LCD series LCD Long WD M Plan SemiApochromat P 11 Perfect objective lens series for observation of LCD panels and other samples through a glass substrate Aberr...

Page 9: ...ø15 2 ø17 8 ø26 ø26 ø12 1 WD 3 1 4 5 41 9 45 35 1 WD 1 45 4 8 44 38 4 42 4 42 61 4 8 45 WD 1 44 41 78 40 8 36 8 MPLFLN1 25x MPLFLN2 5x MPLFLN5x MPLFLN10x MPLFLN20x MPLFLN50x MPLFLN100x MPLFLN 1 25x 0 04 3 5 145 122 12 5 17 6 870 MPLFLN 2 5x 0 08 10 7 72 106 25 8 8 220 25 10 6 220 MPLFLN 5x 0 15 20 0 36 51 5 50 4 4 59 50 5 3 59 MPLFLN 10x 0 30 11 0 18 68 1 100 2 2 15 100 2 7 15 MPLFLN 20x 0 45 3 1 ...

Page 10: ... 0 9 73 200 1 1 6 1 200 1 3 6 1 LMPLFLN 50x 0 50 10 6 3 6 77 500 0 44 2 5 500 0 53 2 5 LMPLFLN 100x 0 80 3 4 1 8 94 1000 0 22 0 87 1000 0 27 0 87 Numerical Aperture Working distance mm Weight g Focal distance f mm Total magnifications Practical field of view mm Depth of focus µm Total magnifications Practical field of view mm Depth of focus µm UIS2 objective lenses Widefield eyepiece WHN10x Field ...

Page 11: ...g distance mm Focal distance f mm Weight g Total magnifications Practical field of view mm Depth of focus µm UIS2 objective lenses Widefield eyepiece WHN10x Field Number 22 Objective lens magnification Screw W20 32x0 706 0 8 x1 36 ø20 32 ø20 32 ø20 32 ø6 ø11 9 ø15 8 ø24 ø21 ø24 ø24 ø16 ø12 ø10 5 45 4 5 23 4 25 WD 20 WD 10 6 34 4 4 5 45 32 71 28 8 33 6 4 5 43 7 45 WD 1 3 37 2 41 3 42 4 ø20 32 ø20 3...

Page 12: ...LFLN 100xLCD 0 85 0 9 1 8 185 1000 0 22 0 79 1000 0 27 0 79 Numerical Aperture Working distance mm Focal distance f mm Weight g Total magnifications Practical field of view mm Depth of focus µm Total magnifications Practical field of view mm Depth of focus µm UIS2 objective lenses Widefield eyepiece WHN10x Field Number 22 Super widefield eyepiece SWH10x Field Number 26 5 Objective lens magnificati...

Page 13: ...UIS objective lenses Widefield eyepiece WHN10x Field Number 22 Super widefield eyepiece SWH10x Field Number 26 5 Objective lens magnification Screw W20 32x0 706 0 8 x1 36 Unit mm Super Long WD M Plan Achromat SLMPlan series Plan Achromat objective lenses with high magnification and super long working distance Two magnifications 20x and 50x are available For 5x or 10x objective lenses select from t...

Page 14: ...8 ø20 32 ø15 37 45 4 5 ø20 32 ø4 95 ø12 2 45 ø26 ø26 39 WD 6 37 5 36 9 32 9 ø12 5 ø15 6 ø18 4 7 ø20 32 41 6 WD 3 4 40 8 ø26 LMPlan5xIR LMPlan10xIR LMPlan20xIR LMPlan50xIR LMPlan100xIR Unit mm MPlan100xIR LMPlan 5xIR 0 10 20 0 36 73 50 4 4 98 LMPlan 10xIR 0 25 18 5 18 73 100 2 2 18 LMPlan 20xIR 0 40 8 1 9 110 200 1 1 6 1 LMPlan 50xIR 0 55 6 0 3 6 115 500 0 44 2 2 LMPlan 100xIR 0 80 3 4 1 8 122 1000...

Page 15: ...0 1 0 1 8 98 9 1000 0 22 0 73 1000 0 27 0 73 MPLFLN 150xBD 0 90 1 0 1 2 104 8 1500 0 15 0 6 1500 0 18 0 6 Numerical Aperture Working distance mm Focal distance f mm Weight g Total magnifications Practical field of view mm Depth of focus µm Total magnifications Practical field of view mm Depth of focus µm UIS2 objective lenses Widefield eyepiece WHN10x Field Number 22 Super widefield eyepiece SWH10...

Page 16: ...e lens magnification MPLFLN5xBDP MPLFLN10xBDP MPLFLN20xBDP MPLFLN50xBDP MPLFLN100xBDP ø26 ø26 ø26 ø22 4 ø16 ø29 3 ø32 ø26 ø22 ø16 8 ø27 ø32 ø27 5 ø22 ø17 ø28 5 ø32 45 WD 12 WD 6 5 WD 3 4 5 33 31 5 31 30 25 38 5 4 5 45 37 36 5 34 1 4 5 42 39 5 39 35 97 45 ø26 ø26 ø32 ø27 5 ø20 ø32 ø27 5 ø20 WD 1 WD 1 44 4 5 45 41 4 5 45 44 41 M Plan SemiApochromat BDP BDP Brightfield Darkfield Polarizing MPLFLN BDP...

Page 17: ...PLFLN 50xBD 0 50 10 6 3 6 85 500 0 44 2 5 500 0 53 2 5 LMPLFLN 100xBD 0 80 3 3 1 8 102 1000 0 22 0 87 1000 0 27 0 87 Numerical Aperture Working distance mm Focal distance f mm Weight g Total magnifications Practical field of view mm Depth of focus µm Total magnifications Practical field of view mm Depth of focus µm UIS2 objective lenses Widefield eyepiece WHN10x Field Number 22 Super widefield eye...

Page 18: ...g distance mm Focal distance f mm Weight g Total magnifications Practical field of view mm Depth of focus µm UIS2 objective lenses Widefield eyepiece WHN10x Field Number 22 Objective lens magnification Screw W26x0 706 Unit mm MPLN10xBD MPLN20xBD MPLN100xBD ø26 ø26 ø26 ø32 ø30 5 ø29 3 ø16 ø32 ø32 ø29 ø23 6 ø17 ø27 ø26 ø22 ø16 8 4 5 WD 12 45 33 31 5 31 30 25 45 38 5 WD 6 5 4 5 37 36 5 34 01 4 5 WD 1...

Page 19: ... at the highest level while providing high N A MPlanApo100xBD 0 9 0 31 1 8 180 1000 0 22 0 59 1000 0 27 0 59 Numerical Aperture Working distance mm Focal distance f mm Weight g Total magnifications Practical field of view mm Depth of focus µm Total magnifications Practical field of view mm Depth of focus µm UIS objective lenses Widefield eyepiece WHN10x Field Number 22 Super widefield eyepiece SWH...

Page 20: ...be integrated into other equipment Attach to the equipment by rear bolt mounting screw or pillar mounting hole 19 MICROSCOPE SYSTEM BXFM Weight 1 9kg Unit mm 98 110 80 58 5 0 5 13 13 55 23 7 4 M4 depth9 4 M4 depth7 Pillar mount hole center 66 2 16 17 17 34 36 35 82 4 M8 depth8 Bolt mount screw 0 5 17 100 124 36 ø32H8 Pillar mount hole 84 Stroke 2A00002 ...

Page 21: ...7 3 5 Holder mounting position Pillar axis Revolving nosepiece mounting position Objective lens mounting position Stroke Specimen position 180 587 220 180 249 130 87 5 83 ø 32 40 3 5 45 165 11 17 47 stroke 124 Specimen surface BXFM combination sample BXFM F BXFM ILH BXFM ILHSPU TR30 2 BX RLA2 U LH100L 3 Weight 8 2kg exclude objective lens Unit mm For installation dimensions refer to those for the ...

Page 22: ... exclude objective lens Unit mm BXFM S BXFM F BXFM ILHS Compact focusing unit suitable for building into existing equipment Weight 2 4kg Unit mm 20 Stroke 7 23 Light axis 45 40 84 141 59 106 Holder mounting position Pillar axis Revolving nosepiece mounting position Objective lens mounting position Specimen position For installation dimensions refer to those for the BXFM F page 19 ...

Page 23: ...f tube 2 Vertical pole diameter ø40mm 3 Horizontal poles diameters ø25mm both upper and lower poles 4 Stroke Horizontal 234mm Vertical 205mm 5 Movement range Horizontal 541 435 106 mm max Vertical pole BXFM S optical axis 6 Maximum specimen weight Forward 10kg within 90 degree area Transverse direction 6kg Backward direction 7kg at maximum stroke 7 Weight 30kg Major specifications SZ2 STU2 Univers...

Page 24: ...FR Frost filter slider 20 U 25L42 UV cut filter 20 U PO3 Polarizer slider for reflected light 71 U POTP3 Polarizer slider for reflected light 71 with tint plate U AN360 3 360 rotatable analyzer slider 79 U AN Analyzer slider for reflected light 50 U DICR DIC slider for reflected light 130 U DICRH DIC slider for reflected light 130 high resolution type U DICRHC DIC slider for reflected light 130 hi...

Page 25: ...SD model is also available Weight 3 1kg Unit mm Combine SZX TLGAD when using fiber illumination 88 ø70 108 Cable length 260 5mm 312 5 250 30 84 3 5 41 Illuminator mounting position Revolving nosepiece mounting position Unit name Description Weight g U 25LBD LBD filter slider 20 U 25IF550 IF550 filter slider 20 U 25ND6 ND filter 20 U 25ND25 ND filter 20 U 25FR Frost filter slider 20 U 25L42 UV cut ...

Page 26: ...25ND6 ND filter 20 U 25ND25 ND filter 20 U 25FR Frost filter slider 20 U 25L42 UV cut filter 20 U PO3 Polarizer slider for reflected light 71 U POTP3 Polarizer slider for reflected light 71 with tint plate U AN360 3 360 rotatable analyzer slider 79 U AN Analyzer slider for reflected light 50 U DICR DIC slider for reflected light 130 U DICRH DIC slider for reflected light 130 high resolution type U...

Page 27: ...0 5 130 18 5 8 83 5 65 25 65 40 8 3 0 115 75 20 135 depth dimension for installation 146 5 85 5 107 37 Weight 880g Power supply unit BH2 RFL T3 or U RFL T200 and power cable UYCP are necessary for 100W mercury lamp housings These items are sold separately BH2 RFL T3 dimensions 120 W x290 D x225 H weight approx 5kg U RFL T200 for EU countries dimensions 150 W x295 D x200 H weight approx 4 8kg Power...

Page 28: ...luminators can be used with fiber illumination Unit mm 1 700 Unit mm Weight 315g U RCV DF converter for BX URA2 U RMT Extension cord Weight 200 g Light guide mount hole ø12 Weight 135g SZX TLGAD Transmitted light guide adapter U LGAD Fiber adapter for reflected light observation Light guide mount hole ø12 Weight 390g Weight 2 2kg TH4 100 200 External power supply TH4 HS Hand switch Weight 140g 14 ...

Page 29: ...S2 Light source LG SF Light guide U DULHA Double lamp house adapter 8 76 235 251 10 10 126 86 130 ø15 Light guide mounting position Groove Width3 Depth1 10 ø10 1 ø13 ø12 ø25 ø15 30 31 61 25 20 1 000 The types of model varies by country in use 202 171 82 88 ø140 Weight 1 2kg ...

Page 30: ...r IR Single port tube with lens When the visual observation is not needed and only video observation is required a single port tube with a built in telan lens can be attached directly to the video port Unit mm Unit mm U TR30 2 22 30 50 76 100 0 20 80 0 100 Inverted 1600 U TR30IR 22 30 50 76 100 0 0 100 Inverted 1600 U ETR 4 22 30 50 76 100 0 0 100 Erect 1900 Field Number F N Inclination angle degr...

Page 31: ...R Super widefield erect image tilting trinocular tube U SWETR Super widefield erect image trinocular tube U SWTR 3 26 5 24 50 76 100 0 20 80 0 100 Inverted 2300 U SWETR 26 5 24 50 76 100 0 0 100 Erect 4200 MX SWETTR 26 5 0 42 50 76 100 0 0 100 Erect 4200 Unit mm Field Number F N Inclination angle degree Interpupillary distance mm Name Light path selector eyepiece video port Observation image Weigh...

Page 32: ...2x Provides 1x and 2x intermediate magnifications Weight 1 3kg U CA Magnification changer Provides 1x 1 2x 1 6x and 2x intermediate magnifications Weight 1 3kg BI PT 100 0 20 80 U TRU Trinocular intermediate attachment Intermediate attachment which divides the light path allowing attachment of both digital and video cameras ø 1 4 0 150 88 52 37 183 9 106 9 52 37 150 ø 1 4 0 58 2 ...

Page 33: ... Eyepoint adjuster Raises eyepoint by 30mm Weight 1 2kg U APT Arrow pointer Projects an arrow into the field of view Unit mm 88 38 51 mount face 151 57 ø 1 4 0 1 32UN 17 53 4 5 170 5 mount face 182 ø44 ø25 ø44 ø30 0 92 tolerence from light axis 120 45 45 3 15V0 2A 21 2 115 8 45 89 30 88 Transmitted side port side port 100 0 Transmitted side port side port 70 30 with use of U MBF3 Light path select...

Page 34: ...cale lines 1mm per rotation of the shift ring the circumference of which is divided into 100 graduations Measuring range 10mm objective lens magnification 5 by combined use of the zoom compensation ring and the provided stage micrometer Compensation ring clamping screw Magnification compensation scale Actual size Actual size mm Measured value mm Objective lens magnification Repeatability Repeatabi...

Page 35: ...ces for BF objective lenses Choose from following 6 types For motorized nosepieces refer to motorized unit page U D6RE Sextuple revolving nosepiece with slider slot for DIC U D6RE ESD Sextuple revolving nosepiece with slider slot for DIC with ESD treatment ø84 40 8 26 5 60 9 87 4 40 83 ø102 4 104 40 48 2 114 4 38 76 4 Weight 520g Weight 800g Weight 980g U 5RE 2 Quintuple revolving nosepiece Unit m...

Page 36: ...mount BF objectives BD M AD enables attachment of brightfield objective lenses For motorized nosepieces refer to motorized unit page U 5BDRE Quintuple revolving nosepiece for BF DF U D6BDRE Sextuple revolving nosepiece for BF DF with slider slot for DIC U P5BDRE Centerable quintuple revolving nosepiece BD M AD Adapter to mount BF objectives Weight 800g Weight 1kg U D5BDRE Quintuple revolving nosep...

Page 37: ...itching to a low magnification after focusing at a high magnification objective lens C mount video camera ports Allows direct attachment of a C mount video camera Four types are provided 0 63x 0 5x 0 35x and 0 25x All models feature a focus adjustment function U TV0 25xC C mount video port with 0 25x lens U TV0 35xC 2 C mount video port with 0 35x lens U TV0 5xC 3 C mount video port with 0 5x lens...

Page 38: ...V1x 2 Focus by amount of screwing into U TV1x 2 Unit mm Unit mm U CMAD3 C mount adapter U BMAD Bayonet mount adapter U TMAD T mount adapter U FMT F T mount adapter U SMAD Sony mount adapter Weight 70g Weight 30g It must be combined with U TMAD Image plane Image plane M56X2 49 ø42 ø64 48 30 3 ø64 ø48 60 38 40 4 Image plane M56X2 17 53 M56X2 1 32UN ø30 ø44 5 ø64 4 80 5 60 5 48 7 20 4 Image plane 4 2...

Page 39: ...kfield observations as well as aperture diaphragm closing opening The BX UCB control unit has an RS232C connector allowing control via a PC For method of attaching illuminator refer to page 24 BX RFAA Motorized universal reflected light illuminator Reflected light fluorescence illuminator with simultaneous attachment of six mirror units Incorporates motorized mirror unit changeover and shutter Mot...

Page 40: ...using U LH100 3 to the BX UCB U HSTR2 Hand switch Weight 1 0kg Cable length 2000mm Weight 370g BX UCB Control unit Motorized units including motorized illuminator and auto focus unit can be totally controlled from BX UCB BX REMCB Control box for motorized nosepiece and BF DF illuminator BX RLAA and U D5BDREMC U D6REMC U P5REMC can be controlled from U HSTR2 or direct from the computer keyboard via...

Page 41: ...2 58 4 14 8 62 5 71 Consult your Olympus dealer about the motorized focus Cable length 2000mm Weight 3 3kg U AFA1M Active auto focus unit Weight 1 0kg U FWR Motorized reflected filter wheel Accomplish maximum 6 filter position exchange 2000 147 9 180 5 130 58 5 24 5 42 30 5 ...

Page 42: ... revolving nosepiece up down objective lens switching aperture diaphragm open close and brightfield darkfield switching are accomplished with this component Several microscopic operations are totally controlled from an external unit by combining this component with an auto focus unit U FH Focus adjustment knob unit U IFFH Focus adjustment knob interface Unit mm Weight 7 6kg Weight 1450g Weight 760...

Page 43: ...ght guide 34 30 4 105 8 2000 200 0 or 5000 200 0 39 5 6 5 5 ø70 196 8 196 ø30 ø39 4 1 32 UNF C Mount Thread 45 distance between mounting positions 102 5 U UVF248IM UV248 compatible intermediate tube U UVF2FB 5FB UV quartz light guide U UVF248LB U LH80HGXE UV248 compatible light source box Mercury Xenon lamp housing 8 170 227 41 240 210 3 4 ø4 5 ø8 C bore 5 Deep 4 ø4 5 ø13 C bore 5 Deep 150 150 45 ...

Page 44: ...ob M video camera adapter Monitor magnification M video monitor Total magnification on the video monitor M ob Objective lens magnification M video camera adapter Projected magnification for video camera adapter including photo eyepiece refer to Figure 1 Refer to Figure 3 for Monitor magnification Practical field of view for video monitor observation M ob Objective lens magnification M video camera...

Page 45: ...g formula is generally used for determing resolution ε 0 61 λ Reyleigh formula N A λ Wavelength or radiation in use λ 0 55µm is used for visible light N A Objective lens N A Example MPLFLN100 N A 0 90 λ 0 55µm ε 0 61 λ 0 3355 0 3355 0 37µm N A N A 0 90 8 Focal depth of Microscope The focal depth refers to the depth of the specimen layer which is in sharp focus at the same time even if the distance...

Page 46: ...axial object point enter a lens the light rays with a larger numerical aperture N A are subjected to stronger refraction power and cross the optical axis in positions with larger differences from the ideal image formation position The aberration caused this way by different image forming positions due to differences in N A of axial light rays is called spherical aberration Spherical aberration is ...

Page 47: ...glass materials are used e g for apochromats MPlanApo in Olympus to eliminate chromatic aberration in a wide range from violet light g rays with wavelength of 435 nm to red light c rays with wavelength of 656 nm 9 3 Wavefront Aberration Since a long time ago aberrations have been used in geometric optics which considers light as light rays Microscope optical systems are often used for observation ...

Page 48: ...Specifications are subject to change without any obligation on the part of the manufacturer Printed in Japan M1606E 1106B OLYMPUS CORPORATION has obtained ISO9001 14001 ...

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