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14
APPLICATION NOTES
14.1
Infrared energy
Each body, at temperatures above the absolute zero (-273°C or 0K), emits energy in the form of electromagnetic
radiation.
As the temperature of the body rises, the intensity of this infrared energy increases.
The temperature of this particular body can therefore be determined by measuring the intensity of this infrared energy.
An equipment used to measure the temperature with this method is called "infrared thermometer" or a "non-contact
thermometer" since the thermometer is not required to be in contact with the body in order to measure its temperature.
14.2
Applications
The temperature measurement of liquids or gases is well accomplished using a thermoelectric sensor thanks to the good
thermal exchange between the sensor and the fluid.
When solid objects are to be measured it is difficult to obtain a good thermal exchange and the possibility of making an
additional error should be kept into consideration.
Temperature measurements with direct contact are often impossible to be carried out when the target is moving or is
connected to dangerous electrical sources or when, for any other reason, it is impossible or difficult to touch it.
14.3 Emissivity
The infrared energy emitted by a body differs according to the composition of the body and to the physical condition of
the surface.
Non-contact thermometers are calibrated using a blackbody source (made with material that absorbs energy at all
wavelengths) as a reference standard.
However, to obtain the reading of the true temperature, it is necessary to compensate the thermometer for the actual
emissivity of the object to be measured.
Emissivity = Surface Radiation
Blackbody Radiation
All
OSP
infrared thermometers are equipped with an emissivity adjustment from 0.10 to 1.00.
The emissivity values relevant to different materials and surface conditions are detailed in “How to determine an object
emissivity” in Appendix A2 of this manual.
The values from the above tables are reference values only: emissivity can in fact be slightly higher with a higher
oxidation of the material .
14.4
Reflected energy compensation
The radiation perceived from the thermometer is the one emitted by the target plus the radiation reflected by the surface
of the object itself.
To obtain more accurate readings, particularly for measurements of low emissivity temperature objects, the energy
reflected from the target should be considered; that energy changes according to the temperature of the surrounding
environment.
A typical example of that principle of operation comes from re-heating furnaces, where the temperature of the vault is
considerably higher than the target temperature.
OSP
thermometers provide an auxiliary function "TAM" to compensate for the ambient temperature.
When the average value of the ambient temperature is set, the microprocessor processes a correction algorithm and
then displays the real temperature value of the target (see par. 9.7).
As an example, the error occurring when no auxiliary function "TAM", to compensate for the ambient temperature, is
enabled can reach 20°C when measuring a target at 100°C with the ambient temperature of 150°C.
