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111-3.  Time  Delay Adjustment  Procedures.

Before jumping feet first into the realm of  time delay and how to adjust it,  it might help to 

spend a moment here to re-affirm 

why 

on earth this delay is really necessary.  For a detailed and 

enjoyable short course on time delay,  Linkwitz-Riley and other mouth-watering  details,  we 

urge you to pick up a free copy of Rane Note 107.  Ask your dealer or write to us here at the 

factory.  In the way of summary, a few words are in order here to outline the basic effects of time 

delay in crossovers. 

Problems  pop  up  when  two  different speakers  emit the same frequency as  occurs in the 

crossover  regions  of  two,  three,  four  and  five  way  systems.  Because  the  two  drivers  are 

displaced vertically, cancellation occurs somewhere off-axis because the sound waves have to 

travel different distances from the two speakers and hence, will arrive out of phase. This forms 

a "lobe"  or  radiation  pattern,  bounded  on either side by  cancellation  lines  or  axes,  which 

narrow the dispersion pattern or listening  area of the speaker. 

Fine. So we put up with it.  But to make matters worse,  when the two drivers are 

horizontally 

displaced -- that is, one is in the front of or behind the other, this" lobe" or dispersion patte·rn 

gets Tl 

TED (usually upward) toward the driver that is further behind. This gets hard to put up 

with, because the end result is that your speaker system will have two, three, four or more tilted 

radiation patterns and only two or three people in the house will have decent seats. And we' re 

not talking trivial pursuits here -- this rampant lobing  error can make a sound system a real 

headache,  to listener and operator alike. 

The idea, then, is to be sure that all drivers are vertically aligned and that all components are 

always in phase. Then all the main lobes are on-axis, well behaved, and the system enjoys the 

widest possible dispersion pattern so that everyone gets good sound. The one catch is that in 

many cases it is physically or otherwise impossible to get all the drivers vertically lined up at the 

sound  source.  TH IS is where time  delay  comes  in. 

By electronically delaying the signal going to the driver up front enough time is allowed for the 

sound from the rear driver to literally catch up to the forward driver's voice coil,  so that signal 

from both drivers is  emitted  in phase.  And it works!  Time delay can make an appreciable 

improvement in overall sound. The trick is finding the proper amount of time delay:  hence the 

rest of this section. 

Unfortunately the amount of time delay is a function of TWO factors (life ceased to be simple 

after age 9,  right?):  the amount of horizontal displacement between driver voice coils,  AND 

the actual crossover frequency involved. Setting delay controls by ear is supposedly possible, 

but VERY tricky and unreliable. The following methods are a couple of (but by no means all) 

means of setting time delay. 

111-3.1.  Time  Delay Adjustment  Using  Realtime Analyzer and  Pink  Noise.

This method outlines the use of a realtime analyzer, pink noise generator and flat response 

microphone to set crossover time delay. Some references will be made to Rane Models RE 27, 

RE 14  and RA 27 analyzer systems for those with the intelligence and good taste to use one of 

these regularly. The procedure applies to virtually any analyzer system. We recommend using 

a one-third or two-thirds octave analyzer as either of these is more likely to match your specific 

crossover points than a one-octave analyzer.  And it IS important to match the analyzer to the 

crossover  point  as closely as  possible for proper phase  alignment  otherwise the analyzer 

readings may be misleading. 

17 

Summary of Contents for AC 22

Page 1: ...lo AC 22 and AC 23 ACTIVE CROSSOVERS OPERATING AND SERVICE MANUAL IIANE C OR P OR A T I O N ...

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Page 6: ...urce by using only the Channel2 input and omitting the Channel 1 input As long as nothing is plugged into the Channel 1 input Channel 2 will drive BOTH channels of the AC 22 internally eliminating the need for an external Y adapter to run both channels from a single input 3 HIGH FREQUENCY OUTPUTS Connect the Channel1 High output to the left channel input of the highfrequency amplifier andthe Chann...

Page 7: ...he detents will assure maximum accuracy and consistency between channels Refer to Section 111 2 to determine proper crossover frequency for your particular system 8 MID FREQUENCY LEVEL CONTROL This controls the level of signal going to the Mid Frequency driver NOTE The Ch 1 High frequency level control and the Ch 2 Master level control are automatically bypassed internally when the AC 22 is connec...

Page 8: ... OPERATION USE THE CHANNEL1 INPUT ONLY 2 HIGH FREQUENCY OUTPUT Connect this output to the input s of the high frequency amplifier 3 MID FREQUENCY OUTPUT Connect this output to the input s of the mid frequency amplifier 4 LOW FREQUENCY OUTPUT Connect this output to the input s of the low frequency amplifier This output is not used in the Mono 3 Way mode 5 AC POWER LINE CORD Plug thisinto a 120 VAC ...

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Page 10: ... whose diaphragm is situated BEHIND the low frequency diaphragm Refer to Section 111 3 for alignment procedure 7 LOW MIO CROSSOVER FREQUENCY SELECTOR This 41 detent selector sets the crossover frequency between the Low and Mid frequency drivers Refer to Section 111 2 8 MIO FREQUENCY LEVEL CONTROL This controls the level of signal going to the Mid Frequency driver in this channel only 9 MIO FREQUEN...

Page 11: ...the Channel 1 input As long as nothing is plugged into the Channel 1 input Channel 2 will drive BOTH channels of the AC 23 internally eliminating the need for an external Y adapter 3 HIGH FREQUENCY OUTPUTS Connect the Channel 1 High Out to the left channel inputof the high frequencyamplifier and the Channel2 High Out to the rightchannel input of the high frequency amp 4 MID FREQUENCY OUTPUT Connec...

Page 12: ... this control will normally be set to minimum MIN Refer to Section 111 3 7 SUB LOW CROSSOVER FREQUENCY SELECTOR This 41 detent selector sets the crossover frequency between the Sub woofer and Low frequency drivers The detents will assure accuracy and consistency Refer to Section 111 2 to determine the proper crossover frequency points for the particular drivers in your system 8 LOW FREQUENCY LEVEL...

Page 13: ... effect in the Mono mode 16 HI MID FREQUENCY LEVEL CONTROL This controls the level of signal going to the Hi Mid frequency driver only 17 HI MID FREQUENCY MUTE SWITCH Removes all signal from the Hi Mid Frequency output when pressed to the IN position 18 HI MID FREQUENCY TIME DELAY CONTROL This control adds from Oto 2mS of time delay to the Hi Mid Frequency output only Refer to Section 111 3 for at...

Page 14: ... mid frequency amplifier 5 HI MID FREQUENCY OUTPUT FOR MONO 5 WAY ONLY Use this output only fo1 mono 5 way applications OMIT THIS OUTPUT WHEN USING THE AC 23 AS A MONO 4 WAY CROSSOVER AS LONG AS NO PLUG IS INSERTED INTO THIS JACK THE AC 23 INTERNALLY BYPASSES THE HI MIO SECTION AND DEFEATS ALL FRONT PANEL HI MIO CONTROLS For mono 5 way connect this output to the input of the Hi Mid frequency ampli...

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Page 16: ...CHES SHO N 1lH PLUCS NOT lNSERTEO fREOUENCY 450 71 Hz fREO JENCY 450 71 Hz DELAY LF LEVEL 0 2ms Off to 6 f8 OELAY lF LEVEL 0 2ms Off to 6 F l HF LE ltl Off to 6 f8 3 PIN BALANCED RANE l 4 K IN BAU See Rane Note 11O for other configurations n o 1 i 7J M4W SUB OVT nc M5W sue OVT DIAGRAM 11 1 Wiring connections for balanced input or floating output operation 15 ...

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Page 18: ...ned and that all components are always in phase Then all the main lobes are on axis well behaved and the system enjoys the widest possible dispersion pattern so that everyone gets good sound The one catch is that in many cases it isphysically or otherwiseimpossible to get all the driversvertically linedupat the sound source TH IS is where time delay comes in By electronically delaying the signal g...

Page 19: ...have a two way system crossed over at 800 Hz with the compression driver voice coil located about 9 behind the woofer voice coil the delay knob setting corresponding to a 9 displacement at 800 Hz on the table would be S as indicated on the front panel VOICE COIL DISPLACEMENT INCHES Hz 75II 1 5II 3II 6II 9 II 12II 1511 18II 21II 2411 70 1 1 5 2 2 5 3 5 5 6 7 8 MAX 80 1 1 5 2 2 5 3 5 5 6 7 8 MP X 10...

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Page 22: ...dure For other configurations use the same procedure starting with the highest crossover point and repeating steps 2 through 5 for each lower crossover point 5 Now release the Mid Mute switch so that the tone is emitted from BOTH the Hi and Mid drivers Check the reading on the SPL meter A If the meter reads 3dB then the drivers are properly phase aligned and no delay is necessary leave the Mid del...

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