nose up trim and decreasing airspeed adds a nose down trim (due to the decalage settings of
the horizontal stabilizer, designed to produce negative lift at cruise airspeeds). The point of
this discussion is that the aircraft, by design, will fly approximately level (not climbing or
descending) regardless of the power setting. If you are holding forward pressure or back pres-
sure on the airplane to maintain level flight, chances are you have displaced the trim tab or you
are at the wrong speed for the power setting. Don’t fight the aircraft, allow it to establish an
equilibrium before you start to second guess the trim setting.
Add power: the power creates a pitch down moment which increases airspeed. The increased
airspeed thus creates a pitch up moment and the aircraft balances at a new higher, cruise speed.
Reduce power: the loss of power creates a pitch up moment which decreases airspeed. The
decreased airspeed thus creates a pitch down moment and the aircraft balances a new, lower,
cruise speed.
The balance of these forces will change depending on the location of the center of gravity of
the aircraft. Be prepared for unusual (more appropriately ‘unfamiliar’) behavior when you fly
the airplane in different loading conditions. Visualize the dynamics of trim and energy balance
while in flight to help you understand the interaction between pitch trim, power settings and
airspeed.
Steep Turns
Steep turns (60 degree bank) are an approved maneuver in the S-12 and pose no particular
threat with the pilots prior understanding of the aircraft’s behavior.
Remember that one of the most distinguishing characteristics of this plane is that it has very
little momentum because of its low weight. Because of this, it does not have the energy neces-
sary to carry it through a turn. To change the direction of the airplane from straight and level
requires acceleration, and acceleration requires energy. In a larger airplane, a slight increase
in throttle is enough energy for the turn because a certain amount can be robbed in the form
of airspeed, without jeopardizing the safety of the maneuver. In the S-12, the energy to turn
is far greater with respect to the stored energy of level flight (momentum) and will rapidly
decrease airspeed to the point of a stall. The remedy is to dive rather sharply during the turn or
to increase power as you begin banking the airplane. Practice will tell you how much power is
required, but for all practical purposes, from a cruise of 65mph, you should imagine adding full
power throughout the turn to maintain your altitude. Failure to do so will drop airspeed well
below 50mph.
Auto-Steepening Tendency
During the flight testing phase the aircraft was put through nearly every conceivable flight atti-
tude likely to be encountered by the average pilot in most conditions. The plane was not tested
for aerobatics and other such maneuvers but during testing, one significant flight mechanics
tendency was noticed. After banking into a turn more than about 20 degrees, a certain amount
of opposite aileron pressure is required to keep the bank from auto-steepening. This charac-
teristic is due in part to the large wing and low airspeed. In a tight turn at 65mph indicated
airspeed, the outside wing is traveling significantly faster than the inside wing and as a result
has more lift. The remedy is to use a slight amount of opposite aileron. The effect increases as
the radius of the turn decreases (low airspeed steep banks will create the most dramatic tenden-
cies). This can be a dangerous characteristic when flying at low altitudes in gusty winds so be
sure to understand the aircraft intimately before taking it to low altitudes.
Power-Off Stalls
Stalls in the Rans S-12 are docile and easy to recover from. Immediately after bring the power
to idle, the nose must be aggressively raised to get a stall in the normal attitude. If the nose is
not brought up immediately and quickly, even full up elevator will not bring the nose up to the
horizon and the plane will stall with a nose low attitude. Either way, recovery from the stall is
immediate following reduction of back pressure and the addition of power. There is very little
buffeting or any other pre-stall warning. If the airplane is in a coordinated turn (climbing or
diving) and the stall occurs rapidly enough, the high wing will drop bringing the aircraft to a
level bank attitude when the stall occurs. This behavior is the same when flaps are applied.
Power-On Stalls
Power-on stalls are equally as easy to recover from and require a healthy amount of back stick
to perform, especially with only one pilot at lower density altitudes. At low takeoff weights
and in high density air, the plane may not stall with full power and could simply mush along
at a very nose high attitude. There will be a considerable amount of noise and buffeting of the
aircraft and it will require an excessive amount of back pressure to keep the airplane in this
near-stall condition, which is instantly recovered from by reducing back stick pressure.
Skid and Slip Stalls
While not intended to be everyday maneuvers, stalls in slip or skid configurations possess no
violent tendencies to spin but do require special pilot skill and as such are not recommended
in most cases. The S-12 for all practical purposes has shown its ability to recover from such
a maneuver and that is about the extent of telling you about it in this manual. Stalls should
never be performed intentionally with the plane not in coordinated flight, to do so unknowingly
is the first indication of a pilots lack of skill and awareness.
Stall Recovery Procedure
The standard stall recovery procedure is as follows: Stick forward, full power, retract flaps and
immediately bring the nose up as airspeed hits 55mph. Stalls will result in no more than 500
feet of altitude lost, with proper piloting skills recoveries of less than 200 feet are common.
Forward Slips
The S-12 seems to behave rather erratically in forward slips and exhibits signs of instability
and divergence. For example after depressing the right rudder to get into a slip, the rudder
pedal practically keeps itself depressed at low airspeeds, a condition called “overbalance.”
This airplane is capable of slips and they do allow the pilot to quickly loose altitude but again
this is an advanced maneuver for skilled pilots only. The flight instruments are not accurate in
a forward slip. Practice slips at a higher altitude and use them only when comfortably above
the ground. Do not use slips for the last 500 feet of your decent to land.
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Summary of Contents for S-12
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