Sonel PQM-700, Operating Manual

Page 1: ...OPERATING MANUAL POWER QUALITY ANALYZER PQM 700 SONEL SA ul Wokulskiego 11 58 100 widnica Poland Version 1 07 06 10 2017...

Page 2: ...uct development the manufacturer reserves the right to make changes to functionality features and technical parameters of the analyzers This manual describes the firm ware version 1 07 and the Sonel A...

Page 3: ...f recording 18 2 8 2 Inrush current measurement 18 2 8 3 Approximate recording times 18 2 9 Measuring arrangements 19 2 10 Key Lock 25 2 11 Sleep mode 25 2 12 Firmware update 25 2 12 1 Automatic updat...

Page 4: ...n 59 6 8 CBEMA and ANSI curves 60 6 9 Averaging the measurement results 62 7 Technical specifications 65 7 1 Inputs 65 7 2 Sampling and RTC 66 7 3 Measured parameters accuracy resolution and ranges 66...

Page 5: ...onal accessories 76 8 3 1 C 4 A current probe 76 8 3 2 C 5 A current probe 78 8 3 3 C 6 A current probe 80 8 3 4 C 7 A current probe 81 8 3 5 F 1 A F 2 A F 3 A current probes 82 9 Other information 84...

Page 6: ...his product as un sorted municipal waste Recycling information Conforms to relevant Australian standards UL cUL Safety Certification Mark The PQM 700 US model analyzer has been investigated and certif...

Page 7: ...device and accessories mechanically damaged Do not power the analyzer from sources other than those listed in this manual Do not connect inputs of the analyzer to voltages higher than the rated value...

Page 8: ...s are carried out using four current inputs installed on short cables termi nated with clamp terminals The terminals may be connected to the following clamp types flexible claps marked as F 1 A F 2 A...

Page 9: ...operation of the device in case of power failure is ensured by an internal re chargeable lithium ion battery The user interface consists of five LEDs and 2 buttons The full potential of the device ma...

Page 10: ...with buckles and two plastic fasteners are used for mounting the ana lyzer The fasteners are screwed to the back wall of the housing and bands should be passed through the resulting gaps Fig 3 Fasten...

Page 11: ...when the battery temperature is outside the range of 0 C 60 C in such case Sonel Analysis software indicates charging status as charging suspended 1 5 Mounting on DIN rail The device is supplied with...

Page 12: ...han 90 of nominal voltage swell exceeding 110 of the nominal value and interruption reduction of the supplied voltage below 5 of the nominal voltage The user does not have to enter the settings define...

Page 13: ...acement power factor tg tangent Fac tor 1 THD U Voltage Total harmonic dis tortion THD I Current Total harmonic dis tortion EP EP Active energy consumed and supplied EQ1 EQ1 EQB EQB Reactive en ergy c...

Page 14: ...The summary of the requirements is presented in the table below Tab 2 Summary of selected parameters in terms of their compliance with the standards Aggregation of measure ments at different inter va...

Page 15: ...s indicated by LEDs Continuous light of MEM and ERROR LEDs no memory card the card is damaged or not formatted When these LEDs are on after inserting a memory card there are two possible scenarios o t...

Page 16: ...y higher than once every 1 second During the recording process the meter may transmit data already saved in memory Data may be read until the data transmission starts During the recording process the...

Page 17: ...cal value with resistive load and symmetrical mains see note below network frequency deviation exceeding 10 of the nominal frequency 2 7 Warning about too high voltage or current During its operation...

Page 18: ...cording ends automatically as scheduled if the end time is set in other cases the user stops the recording using button or the software Recording ends automatically when the memory card is full After...

Page 19: ...y 1000 events day 22 days 2 9 Measuring arrangements The analyzer may be connected directly and indirectly to the following types of networks 1 phase Fig 5 2 phase split phase with split winding of th...

Page 20: ...n it is necessary to activate option Current in N conductor and to install 4 clamps as shown in Fig 7 More information may be found in sec 6 4 5 Pay attention to the direction of current clamps flexib...

Page 21: ...2 Operation of the analyzer 21 Fig 6 Wiring diagram 2 phase Fig 7 Wiring diagram 3 phase wye with a neutral conductor...

Page 22: ...PQM 700 Operating Manual 22 Fig 8 Wiring diagram 3 phase wye without neutral conductor Fig 9 Wiring diagram 3 phase delta...

Page 23: ...Operation of the analyzer 23 Fig 10 Wiring diagram 3 phase delta current measurement using Aron method Fig 11 Wiring diagram 3 phase wye without neutral conductor current measurement using Aron metho...

Page 24: ...PQM 700 Operating Manual 24 Fig 12 Wiring diagram indirect system with transducers wye configuration Fig 13 Wiring diagram indirect system with transducers delta configuration...

Page 25: ...ding is triggered if the analyzer finishes the recording process due to the lack of space on the memory card or due to a completed schedule the LEDs remain off Pressing any button shortly activates ON...

Page 26: ...rnal card reader 5 Insert the card into the analyzer ON LED indicates that the firmware file was recognized and readiness to start the update 6 Press START button to begin the update If the START butt...

Page 27: ...uals 90 Theoretically infinite amplification for a DC signal if present on the integrator input causes the input saturation near the power supply voltage and makes further operation impossible In prac...

Page 28: ...ics power measurements 4 4 PLL synchronization The sampling frequency synchronization has been implemented by hardware After passing through the input circuits the voltage signal is sent to a band pas...

Page 29: ...lculated as a ratio of counted periods to their duration 4 6 Harmonic components measuring method The harmonics are measured according to the recommendations given in the IEC 61000 4 7 standard The st...

Page 30: ...ich includes parameter type channel in which the event occurred times of event beginning and end user defined threshold value parameter extreme value measure during the event parameter average value m...

Page 31: ...be positive in order to ensure correct detection for above mentioned parameters the analyzer compares with the threshold their absolute values Two parameter types RMS voltage and RMS current can gene...

Page 32: ...user defined event detection hysteresis It is defined in percent in the following manner for RMS voltage events it is the percent of the nominal voltage range for example 2 of 230 V that is 4 6 V for...

Page 33: ...tant compo nent IADC A 1 1 where Ii is a subsequent sample of current IA M 2048 for 50 Hz and 60 Hz Active power P W 1 1 where Ui is a subsequent sample of voltage UA N Ii is a subsequent sample of cu...

Page 34: ...tal Harmonic Distortion for voltage referred to RMS THDUR 2 40 2 100 where Uh is h th harmonic of voltage UA N Total Harmonic Distortion for current referred to the fundamental compo nent THDIF 2 40 2...

Page 35: ...0 0 0 where i is subsequent number of the 10 12 period measure ment window QB i represents Budeanu active power QB calculated in i th measuring window T i represents duration of i th measuring window...

Page 36: ...tot var Total reactive power of fundamental component Q1tot var 1 1 1 Total apparent power Stot VA Total apparent distortion power SNtot VA Total Budeanu distortion power DBtot var Total Power Factor...

Page 37: ...damental component consumed and supplied EQ1 tot EQ1 tot varh 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 where i is subsequent number of the 10 12 period measure ment window Q1tot i represents total reac...

Page 38: ...component 1 is the angle between components U1 and I1 Effective apparent power Se VA 3 where 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 18 2 2 2 2 3 Effective apparent distor tion power SeN VA 2 1 2 where 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 2...

Page 39: ...erator mag indicates vector module RMS value of positive voltage sequence U1 V 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 where UA1 UB1 UC1 are vectors of fundamental compo nents of phase voltages UA UB UC Operator mag indica...

Page 40: ...conductor Parameters RMS voltage and current DC components of voltage and current THD flicker are calculated as for 1 phase circuits instead of the phase voltages phase to phase voltages are used Symm...

Page 41: ...sequent number of the 10 12 period measure ment window Ptot i represents total active power Ptot calculated in i th measuring window T i represents duration of i th measuring window in hours Total app...

Page 42: ...ic average tan calculated from the averaged power values THD U I calculated as the ratio of the average RMS value of the higher harmonics to the average RMS value of the fundamental component for THD...

Page 43: ...value a so called crest factor and reduction of power factor PF will result in a situation in which in order to obtain a given active power in a receiver in watts the power supplier must supply power...

Page 44: ...erable weight Despite such drawbacks the CT clamps are presently the most widely used non invasive alter nating current AC measurement method The following CT clamps can be used with the PQM 700 analy...

Page 45: ...noise amplifiers which of course increase the costs Because the output voltage is proportional to the current derivative it is necessary to use an integrating circuit generally the flexible probes com...

Page 46: ...nored under any circumstances It may turn out that the flicker is caused by unsure con nections in the installation increased voltage drops on connections in the distribution panel for example will re...

Page 47: ...non zero and can be interpreted as an amplitude of energy oscillation which alternately is collected in the capacitor and returned to the source Capacitor active power equals zero However it turns out...

Page 48: ...r negative depending on the angle between the harmonics of voltage and current Hence a situ ation is possible when total reactive power QB will be zero at non zero harmonic components Ob servation tha...

Page 49: ...fortune in the measuring infrastructure energy meters Each change is this respect could bring about huge financial consequences However slow changes became visible in the views of electrical engineer...

Page 50: ...nent 6 4 3 Reactive power and three wire systems Correct reactive power measurement is impossible in unbalanced receivers connected accord ing to the three wire system delta and wye systems without th...

Page 51: ...e not mentioned before that the reactive power is only one of the nonactive power components which influence the power factor reduction Indeed it seems that instead of tan we should use the power fact...

Page 52: ...apparent power In one phase systems the apparent power is calculated as shown in the formula above and there are no surprises However it turns out that in three phase systems calculation of this power...

Page 53: ...ten used by energy quality specialists and manufacturers of systems for reactive power compensation It must be clearly said that this parameter has given relatively good results only in conditions of...

Page 54: ...o Fast Fourier Transform FFT to receive amplitudes and phases of harmonic components in the frequency domain In a perfect situation voltage is generated in a generator which at output gives a pure sin...

Page 55: ...he current generated in the receiver causes an additional load on the distribution system Let us consider the following example A typical non linear receiver such as widely used switched mode power su...

Page 56: ...y integer Sequence Harmonic order positive 3k 1 negative 3k 1 0 zero 3k The even order harmonics do not appear when a given waveform is symmetrical in relation to its average value and this is the cas...

Page 57: ...initions presented above will give significantly different results THDR may not exceed 100 but there is no such limit for THDF and it may go up to 200 or higher Such case can be seen when measuring ve...

Page 58: ...ise multiply by a and add to the vector U1A Then turn the vector U1C by 240 and add to the previous sum of vectors As a result you get the vector 3U The vector U is the symmetrical positive sequence c...

Page 59: ...URMS 1 2 that is the one period RMS value refreshed every half period Voltage dip definition according to the IEC 61000 4 30 standard The voltage dip starts at the moment when the URMS 1 2 voltage de...

Page 60: ...amental component s passing the zero is obtained by FFT 6 8 CBEMA and ANSI curves CBEMA curve was first proposed in the 70 s of the last century by the organization that gave the curve its name Comput...

Page 61: ...d then they should not lead to malfunction or damage to the connected equip ment Equipment manufacturers especially power adaptors often use this pattern while designing their products in order to ens...

Page 62: ...th the mains frequency Each aver age voltage value is recorded every 10 minutes which gives only 1008 measurement results Fig 22 presents the method according to which the PQM 700 analyzer determines...

Page 63: ...ulated which is then used to search for the minimum and maximum values This gives less sensitivity to instantaneous changes of the measured value Note similarly to the averaging times shorter than 10...

Page 64: ...and therefore the chosen averaging time is also long 10 minutes Please note that there is no single best setting for both the averaging time and other parameters or event thresholds Each mains system...

Page 65: ...nputs 4 L1 L2 L3 N 3 measuring channels Maximum input voltage 760 VRMS 40 70 Hz or DC Measurement category CAT IV 300 V CAT III 600 V CAT II 760 V Peak input voltage 1150 V Range of measured DC voltag...

Page 66: ...only to 3 phase systems External continuous magnetic field 40 A m DC 3 A m AC for 50 60 Hz frequency DC component of voltage and current none Waveforms sinusoidal Frequency 50 Hz 0 2 or 60 Hz 0 2 7 3...

Page 67: ...uncertainty Harmonic n DC 1 40 grouping harmonics sub groups acc to IEC 61000 4 7 URMS amplitude 0 200 Unom 0 01 Unom 0 15 Unom if m v 3 Unom 5 m v if m v 3 Unom acc to IEC 61000 4 7 Class I IRMS ampl...

Page 68: ...tainty of current amplitude measurement analyzer transducers clamps ph additional uncertainty caused by the error of phase measurement between the voltage and current harmonics The ph uncertainty can...

Page 69: ...ional uncertainty from phase error depending on phase shift angle Example Calculation of measurement uncertainty of active power fundamental component Conditions 60 URMS Unom IRMS 5 Inom Fundamental u...

Page 70: ...ds Set by the user in percentage or absolute values Event detection based on the measurement of IRMS 1 2 1 period RMS refreshed every period Duration hh mm ss ms period One period Waveform record Two...

Page 71: ...nge Calculation method Hysteresis 0 10 in 0 1 steps See section 4 7 7 6 Inrush current measurement Range A Resolution A Basic uncertainty 0 100 Inom 0 1 1 Inom voltage and current measurement is carri...

Page 72: ...B QB Apparent power S Distortion power D Apparent distortion power SN Power factor PF Displacement power factor cos DPF Tan factor Active energy consumed and supplied EP EP Reactive energy consumed an...

Page 73: ...mps F 1 A Flexible clamps Rogowski coil perimeter 120 cm measuring range 3000 A RMS F 2 A Flexible clamps Rogowski coil perimeter 80 cm measuring range 3000 A RMS F 3 A Flexible clamps Rogowski coil p...

Page 74: ...scharge 4kV Immunity to conducted disturbances in duced by radio frequency fields IEC 61000 4 6 sinusoidal modulation 80 AM 1kHz 0 15 80MHz 10V Immunity to a series of electrical fast tran sients burs...

Page 75: ...version The standard set of equipment supplied by the manufacturer includes permanently fixed cables 0 1 m with banana sockets for voltage and power inputs 6 pcs 2 2m cable with banana plugs for power...

Page 76: ...robe The C 4 A probe is used to measure the alternating current in medium and high power electrical installations The output sig nal is voltage proportional to the measured current The output signal i...

Page 77: ...s accuracy Current range Basic uncer tainty 1 Phase error 0 1 10 A 3 0 1 A not specified 10 50 A 3 3 50 200 A 1 5 1 5 200 1000 A 0 75 0 75 1000 1200 A 0 5 0 5 1 as of measured value input signal for m...

Page 78: ...clamp type detection Overload Direct current DC up to 3000 A continuous mode Alternating current AC up to 1000 A in continuous mode up to the 1 kHz frequency Limitation of maximum current for continuo...

Page 79: ...d by battery voltage 1 A V caused by temperature 300 ppm C or 0 3 10 C caused by relative humidity in the10 85 range 0 5 caused by position of 20 mm conductor DC up to 440 Hz 0 5 DC up to 1 kHz 1 DC u...

Page 80: ...Such probe orien tation is required for a correct power measurement Clamps with letter A at the end of marking e g C 6A are clamps with automatic type detection in compatible devices Other parameters...

Page 81: ...uced via a cable length 1 5 m ended with a plug suitable for a socket in the meter The arrow marked on one of the probes indicates the direction of current flow It is assumed that the current flows in...

Page 82: ...electrical parameters are identical The output signal if voltage proportional to the derivative of the measured current with the sen sitivity equal to 38 83 mV 1000 A for 50 Hz and 46 6 mV 1000 A for...

Page 83: ...conductor position 1 max Additional error caused by external magnetic field 0 5 max Frequency range 40 Hz 20 kHz Remaining data insulation type double according to IEC 61010 1 measuring category acc t...

Page 84: ...antling and disposal Used electric and electronic equipment should be collected selectively i e not placed with other types of waste Used electronic equipment shall be sent to the collection point acc...

Page 85: ...85 Notes...