Tandy 1000 MS-DOS, Reference Manual

Page 1: ......

Page 2: ...INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY INTERRUPTION OF SERVICE LOSS OF BUSINESS DR ANTICIPATORY PROFITS OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES RESULTING FROM THE USE DR OPERATION OF THE EQUIPMENT OR SOFTWARE IN NO EVENT...

Page 3: ...TANDY 1000 MS DOS REFERENCE MANUAL...

Page 4: ...d or its licensor Use reproduction or publication of any portion of this material without the prior written authorization of Tandy Corporation is strictly prohibited Tandy 1000 MS DOS Refereru e Manua...

Page 5: ...tor EDLIN is described in detail and with numerous examples in Part 3 Your understanding of the special features in this section will greatly increase the advantages of MS DOS and save you time Part 4...

Page 6: ......

Page 7: ...ies 13 The Current Drive 14 The Current Directory 14 Home Directories 16 Anonymous Directory Names 17 3 Redirecting Commands 19 Input And Output 19 Filters 20 Command Piping 20 4 Batch Files 21 Execut...

Page 8: ...Overtype and Insert 192 Saving in the Template 192 Deleting 193 9 Editing Files 195 Creating a File 195 Inserting Text 196 Saving Your Files 196 Editing an Existing File 197 Using the Special EDLIN Ed...

Page 9: ...256 Running MS LIB 257 Command Characters 260 Part 5 DEBUG 13 The DEBUG Utility 263 DEBUG Commands 264 Command Summary 265 Command Parameters 265 Part 6 Messages 14 Problems and Error Messages 293 MS...

Page 10: ......

Page 11: ......

Page 12: ......

Page 13: ...h clears the screen and displays the system prompt Executing a Program You can also execute a program such as the BASIC language application supplied on your system diskette at the system prompt If an...

Page 14: ...ror you have the fol lowing options Reexecute the same command To do so type IT IENTER I Edit the line and reexecute the command Change the command or parameters and execute the new line To edit or ch...

Page 15: ...ends all output to the line printer as well as to the screen Press again to stop the function removes the last character from the command line and erases the character from the screen causes a line en...

Page 16: ......

Page 17: ...ation when working with MS DOS files and directories It lets you build downward branching out as you go In effect you create an upside down tree of files and directories Each user on the system can or...

Page 18: ...y contains a MEMOS subdirectory All but one of the directories on the sam ple disk contain files Filenames Each file has a name that can be a maximum of eight charac ters long You can use letters numb...

Page 19: ...Object code rel for Relocatable code src for Source code If you add the extension dat to a file named invntory the file spec becomes invntory dat Note Once you include an extension in a filename you m...

Page 20: ...begin with test and have the extension exe Examples test1run exe test3run exe test exe testall exe test1 exe oldfile Pathnames All files named oldfile in one old f i 1e bas directory regardless of th...

Page 21: ...unique name The device names are as follows AUX auxiliary usually refers to the RS 232 serial port but can be any device you specify using the CTTY command CON console refers to the screen or keyboard...

Page 22: ...ectories ENTERJ 3 ill ENTER I After you type ill IENTER I EDLIN displays the asterisk to indi cate it s ready for another command To exit EDLIN and return to MS DOS type e ENTER I The screen displays...

Page 23: ...he screen shows New file Type i IENTER I 1 This ismy sec 0 nd f i 1e IENTER I 2 It shows the use of directories ENTERI 3 Cill ENTER I e ENTER I Create the third file e d 1 in b f i 1 e 3 t s t ENTER I...

Page 24: ...MYDIR in the Drive B root direc tory type mkdi r b mydi r ENTER I MS DOS automatically makes MYDIR a subdirectory of the Drive B root directory You can check it by using DIR d i r b ENTER I The screen...

Page 25: ...a sub directory of the new directory and so on Note See Anonymous Directory Names in this chapter for an explanation of the and symbols Deleting Directories Before deleting a directory first remove al...

Page 26: ...To access B PAYROLL specify the drive and the directory name For example dlr b payroll To access A USER specify only the directory name For example dir user Changing the current drive You can change...

Page 27: ...rectory For example dir memos Notice that you should not precede this pathname with a back slash That is because the pathname MEMOS specifies a direc tory that does not exist one that would be an imme...

Page 28: ...d i r pay r 0 1 1 IENTER or cd payroll Home Directories MS DOS also remembers your previous current directory If your current directory is B PAYROLL and then you change it to A USER MIKE MS DOS remem...

Page 29: ...to save typing time you can use name substitutes For example The name refers to the current directory The name refers to the parent of the current direc tory the next highest level directory in the pa...

Page 30: ...eral files from A USER MIKE to B PAYROLL make A USER MIKE the current directory of Drive A and use CHDIR CD to change the Drive B directory to B PAYROLL Then type b IENTER J copy a job1 IENTERJ This w...

Page 31: ...file use a greater than sign in your command For example dir myfiles ENTERI sends a directory listing to the file Myfiles in the current direc tory If Myfiles does not already exist MS DOS creates it...

Page 32: ...o pipe commands divide them with the pipe separator the ver tical bar I You produce the vertical bar by pressing 4 on the keypad when the NUM LOCK I key is off or by pressing SHIFT I 4 on the keypad w...

Page 33: ...xtension bat When you execute the file however enter the filename without the extension Below is a description of how to use the COPY command to cre ate a batch file You can also use EDLIN see Part 3...

Page 34: ...t you can type type prepdisk bat ENTER I and MS DOS displays the contents of the file including the remarks The PAUSE command lets you control how much of the file you want to execute When it reaches...

Page 35: ...only the current directory for exter nal commands If you use any external commands in your batch file you need to do one of the following Use the PATH command to tell MS DOS to search for external co...

Page 36: ...e must be created in the root directory of your MS DOS disk You must be in that directory when you create the file You create it the same way as any other batch file except that you name it autoexec b...

Page 37: ...specify more than ten dummy parameters These parameters may be pathnames drive specifications numeric values or almost anything else For example if you type copy con myfile bat ENTERI copy 1 mac 2 ma...

Page 38: ...irectory of your system disk The information in nwil dat might look like this Tom Cleo 28th 5t Ann King 9th Av 5am Beck 46th 5t Lincoln NE 68502 Rapid Cl1y 5D 57001 Ft Worth TX 76133 As you can see th...

Page 39: ...h MS DOS Do not enter the filename batch unless the name of the file you want to execute is batch bat To execute a batch file enter the filename without the extension The commands In the file named fi...

Page 40: ...le you may want to include a command that copies a file called Abco c exe As you know the batch file normally inter prets the percent sign as a replaceable parameter To indicate that this is not the c...

Page 41: ......

Page 42: ......

Page 43: ...and is not in the drive the sys tem cannot find and execute the command Note Unless MS DOS knows in which directory or drive to search for external commands it cannot exe cute them See the PATH comman...

Page 44: ...s Checks MS DOS diskettes Clears the video screen Starts a new command processor Copy append or combine files Copy system files to application diskettes Switches input output to device Enter or change...

Page 45: ...current keyboard program LABEL Modifies a volume label LF Suppresses the line feed after a carriage return LPSETUP Enables a printer filter that allows pagination MKDIR MD Creates a new directory MLFO...

Page 46: ...curent country code Establishes a common replacement parameter Installs file sharing and locking Moves replaceable parameters in batch files Parks hard disk heads Sorts input from keyboard or a file S...

Page 47: ...se or lowercase for your conven ience command names are presented in uppercase in this manual source pathname is a required parameter Parameters not surrounded by brackets are essential to the operati...

Page 48: ...st to use Examples del myfile old newfile txt rename aflle bfile You may also use the semicolon equal sign or tab as delimiters This manual uses a space Source specifies the disk from which you transf...

Page 49: ...d Note Part 6 contains a complete listing of the error messages associated with the MS DOS commands The Use of Special Type BOLD UPPERCASE UPPERCASE lowercase italics ellipsis KEYNAME I A command keyw...

Page 50: ...DOS r 8 jV2 U o Command MS DOS IV3 2 o Command c MS DOS I hard disk J Command If you are not sure which version of the operating system your computer uses type VER IENTER I SynonylIlous Keywords Some...

Page 51: ...d command with no options MS DOS displays the current data path Append sets no data path MS DOS searches only the working direc tory for data files Append searches the data path for all files regardle...

Page 52: ...pter 6 Command Reference Example Suppose you want to access data files in a directory called LET TERS on drive B and in a directory called REPORTS on drive A To do this type append b letters a reports...

Page 53: ...ate on Drives A and B could be used on fixed Drive C This command does not require a colon after the drive letter If you enter ASSIGN without parameters all drives are reas signed to their normal desi...

Page 54: ...ame is the path to the file you wish to reference Notes and Suggestions If an application opens a file with read and write permission ATTRIB can force a read only condition to allow file sharing over...

Page 55: ...han prompting you to insert a new diskette If you omit the IA parameter BACKUP asks you to insert a diskette Then before backing up any hard disk files it erases any existing files on the diskette Whe...

Page 56: ...nuntory dat to a backup diskette when the file is in the current directory backup bat a ENTERI backs up all batch Cbat files from the current directory to Drive A This command erases any existing file...

Page 57: ...Warning IBM M BACKUP RESTORE compatibility can be lost if this switch is used D backs up only those files that were last modified at or after the specified date T backs up only those files that were...

Page 58: ...l Break 4 Terminated by error If the target is a fixed disk the backup files will be placed in a subdirectory named BACKUP If the target is a floppy the files are placed in the root directory The sour...

Page 59: ...1 a Ii Id copies to Drive A only those files from the STOREI this assumes STOREI is a directory directory on Drive C that have been updated changed since the last BACKUP operation Cre ates a Backup lo...

Page 60: ...heck for a CTRL I TI only when a screen keyboard printer or serial port function call is made If you omit both ON and OFF MS DOS displays the current set ting of BREAK Examples b rEa k 0 ff IENTER I t...

Page 61: ...commands can save you considerable time When executing an application program you are likely to store your information in several data files in the same directory Therefore it may be convenient to mak...

Page 62: ...TER j displays the pathname of your current directory If for example you are in the directory BIN USER on the disk in Drive B MS DOS displays B BIN USER c hd 1 r b use r ENTER J changes the current di...

Page 63: ...you include a pathname IV causes CHKDSK to display messages while it is running and gives detailed information about any errors it finds pathname2 specifies the file to which CHKDSK is to redirect it...

Page 64: ...current disk displays the errors asks if you want to fix them and acts accordingly c h kd s k b v ENTER I checks the directory of the disk in Drive B displaying the name of every directory and file on...

Page 65: ...Command Reference Internal Notes and Suggestions Use the CLS command to clear a cluttered hard to read screen Examples c 1 5 ENTER I clears the monitor screen and moves the prompt and cursor to horne...

Page 66: ...the command processor where to look for the COMMAND COM file if it needs to reload the transient part into memory device lets you specify a different device such as aux for input and output See the CT...

Page 67: ...ed a text file when used with a source file MS DOS copies only to the first end of file EOF character IA tells MS DOS to add an EOF character to the end of the file when used with the target file IB t...

Page 68: ...character from the end of the file Some application programs require that the EOF character not be included Use COpy to Copy a file to another disk COPY lets you make backup copies of files to protect...

Page 69: ...ctory of Drive B copy mem05 txt a b corr txt IENTER I copies the file Memos txt from the current directory to the cur rent directory of the disk in Drive B naming the new file Corr txt MS DOS copies i...

Page 70: ...p to the first EOF character IA when used with the target file tells MS DOS to add an EOF character to the end of the file IB tells MS DOS to treat the file as a binary file such as a pro gram file wh...

Page 71: ...s Use Copy Append to append separate lists Suppose you have the following three separate files r i I biglist listl list2 Bob Anthony Anne Barnes Jerry Day Carol Apple Ted Erickson Karen Ellis Curtis K...

Page 72: ...in the current directory the the file Big tst that also is in the current directory MS DOS adds an EOF character to the end of Big tst cop y pro 91 ex e I b pro 92 ex e IENTER I appends the file Prog...

Page 73: ...ro gram file when used with the source file Therefore MS DOS copies the entire file When used with the target file this parameter tells MS DOS not to add an EOF character to the end of the file Each o...

Page 74: ...dest1nat10n lost before copy is displayed Use Copy Combine to copy existing files into a new file for example I L I 1 u i I i I oJ oldlist1 Anne Barnes Ted Er1ckson M1ke McAdam Dave Shultz oldl1st2 J...

Page 75: ...s Stats1 dat and Stats2 dat that are in the root directory of Drive A COPY copies information only up to the first EOF character in each source file Then COPY places the information in the file Allsta...

Page 76: ...orks with either protected diskettes those you cannot backup or nonprotected diskettes and with either sin gle or dual drive systems Application program diskettes must have 61 000 free bytes of space...

Page 77: ...e ver sion of COPYDOS on a diskette containing data you do not wish to erase copyd05 P IENTER I Copies the necessary system files to a diskette to make it boota ble Using COPYDOS in this manner will c...

Page 78: ...or Port 2 CON specifies the console input from the keyboard and output to the screen Any other character oriented device capable of both input and output Notes and Suggestions Because the printer is...

Page 79: ...n ten it is not neces sary to include a leading zero for example 09 09 84 When MS DOS stores and displays the date it includes a leading zero in a one digit day and excludes it from a one digit month...

Page 80: ...INT I again to turn off the print output function Now use ISHIFT I IPRINT I IPRINT I ICTRL I W or the PRINT command as necessary to make your printout In Version 3 2 MS DOS you can change the format i...

Page 81: ...r I DEL Delete Chapter 6 Command Reference Internal See the ERASE command r i i i i I I r 1 i I Ii i I i I I r I r I r i 67...

Page 82: ...selects a wide display With IW MS DOS displays filenames only it does not display sizes or modification dates Notes and Suggestions DIR first causes MS DOS to display the disk s volume label which wa...

Page 83: ...ER I a listing of the directory goes to the printer as well as to the screen until you again press IPRINT I d i r b I ENTER 1 displays a list of all files in the current directory of Drive B d i r w I...

Page 84: ...pares only one side of the diskettes even if they are double sided When complete DISKCOMP will prompt Compare more dlskettes YIN If you press Y to do another DISKCOMP the comparison will be done on th...

Page 85: ...KCOPY command for mirror image copies of diskettes If a read error occurs on a track of one diskette that track is reported as differing You cannot compare a double sided diskette with a single sided...

Page 86: ...kettes at the appropriate times Press the space bar to continue If you omit the target drive specification DISKCOPY uses the current drive If you omit both drive specifications DISKCOPY does a sin gle...

Page 87: ...as the source diskette DISKCOPY does not aid in making fragmented disk files contiguous You cannot DISKCOPY between different drive types Use the FORMAT and COPY or FORMAT and XCOPY commands for this...

Page 88: ...diskettes displays the number of sides tracks and sectors per track of the diskette in the specified drive The screen also shows the MS DOS command line that must be typed to format a new diskette wit...

Page 89: ...a switch or message MS DOS displays the current setting of ECHO Normally the screen displays echoes commands in a batch file as you run the file ECHO OFF turns off this feature ECHO ON turns it on ag...

Page 90: ...NTER I e c h 0 0 n I ENTER I ffiJ IENTER I When you run the file MS DOS displays echo off The FORMAT copyright is displayed then the screen shows Insert new diskette for drive E and strlke any key whe...

Page 91: ...ld card as the filename is the same as omitting the filename If you use the full wild card C ERASE prompts Are you 5 u r e Y N If you type Y IENTER I MS DOS erases the files If you type N ENTER I MS D...

Page 92: ...here ERASE does not prompt you before erasing the files regardless of whether use a wildcard It prompts only when you use the full wildcard erase bin user mary text txt ENTERI erases he file Text txt...

Page 93: ...mit the entire target pathname EXE2BN uses the source pathname Notes and Suggestions Converting executable files to binary format saves space and speeds program loading Two kinds of conversions are po...

Page 94: ...meets the com file cri terion but has segment fixups EXE2BIN displays an error message EXE2BIN also displays an error message if the file is not a valid executable file Examples exe2bln testfile exe b...

Page 95: ...to the application Notes and Suggestions While running an application program you may need to use an MS DOS command To do so you must first invoke a sec ondary command processor from your program Ente...

Page 96: ...s the mismatches in the following format xxxxxxxx yy zz where xxxxxxxx is the relative address of the pair of bytes from the beginning of the file Addresses start at 00000000 yy and zz are the mismatc...

Page 97: ...files are larger than available memory FC compares what can be loaded into the buffer If no lines match in the portions of the files in the buffer FC displays only the message Files are different and...

Page 98: ...since the old version Suppose your current directory contains these source files Each letter in the files represents a program line namel src A B M D o S W X Y Z R U N Q T V name2 src A B C L S W X Y...

Page 99: ...are before the first mis match It also ignores blocks in which at least the specified number of lines match In this case the number is one For each set of blocks that contains a mismatch however FC d...

Page 100: ...ore for the files Name1 src and Name2 src Fe displays NAME1 SRC M D o 5 NAME2 SRC C L 5 NAME1 SRC R U N NAME2 SRC P E N NAME1 SRC T V NAME2 SRC V You can print the differences on the line printer usin...

Page 101: ...src that are in the current directory and redirects output to the file Test3 src that is also in the current directory fc 4 w c b user myflle src b user myfile1 src IENTER I does a line by line compar...

Page 102: ...no attempt to resynchronize after a mismatch It displays mismatches in the following format xxxxxxxx yy zz where xxxxxxxx is the relative address of the pair of bytes from the beginning of the file Ad...

Page 103: ...ignore them The two exceptions are any beginning and ending white spaces on a line which FC does ignore For example an underscore represents a white space ______More__data_to_be_found __ matches and...

Page 104: ...follows File1 src File2 src a a b b d g e h f k k m m n 0 0 p p For each block that contains a mismatch FC displays filenElme1 last line that matches in the two files intermediate non matching lines i...

Page 105: ...ontains mo m 0 In a byte by byte comparison FC displays the bytes that are different The following is the output from a comparison of the Filel src and File2 src files above It is produced with the co...

Page 106: ...current directory type f c b f i 1 e 1 s ref 1 1 e 2 s r c d iff e r s r c IENTER I If the number of lines in the internal buffer is smaller than the number of consecutive differing lines FC stops It...

Page 107: ...Hard Disk Drive 6 Select Prevlous Hard Disk Drive Enter selectlon Press ESC to exit to MSDDS A hard disk can be partitioned to install more than one oper ating system on it or for other specialized ap...

Page 108: ...artition press N then enter the parti tion size in number of cylinders and the beginning cylinder as prompted b IENTER I f dis k IENTER I establishes Drive B as the current drive loads FDISK and dis p...

Page 109: ...es of this string The whiteness of the whale type find The whiteness of the whale book1 txt boo k2 txt IENTER I MS DOS displays the lines in the order in which the files are specified If the string co...

Page 110: ...nvntory dat find In samuel parts b user invntory dat IENTER I MS DOS might display a list like this 1lspark plugs 5ldistributor caps 9l14 rad hose 2 dia 200 6 16 83 Samuel Parts 50 6 16 83 Samuel Part...

Page 111: ...he second percent sign is required when the command is in a batch file command is the command you are executing Notes and Suggestions Append C or C for a batch file to the command to exe cute it seque...

Page 112: ...reating a batch file using replaceable parameters See Cre ating a Batch File With Replaceable Parameters in Part 1 To execute the batch file and see the listings for A BIN A GAMES and A ACCTS type 3dl...

Page 113: ...ess the space bar If you omit the drive specification MS DOS formats the diskette in the current drive IV causes FORMAT to prompt for a volume label after the diskette is formatted If you use this par...

Page 114: ...ce bar FORMAT displays For ma t tin 9 When the format is complete MS DOS displays this message nnnnn bytes total disk space nnnnnn bytes available on disk Format another YIN Type Y IENTER I to format...

Page 115: ...r rna t a IENTER I formats the disk in Drive A for rna t b 5 v IENTER I formats the disk in Drive B makes it a system disk and asks r you for a volume label You can enter a label that is a maximum I o...

Page 116: ...ngle sided diskette format If the drive in which you are formatting is double sided and you do not specify this switch you cannot use the newly formatted diskette in a single sided drive If you omit 1...

Page 117: ...se FORMAT continues WARNING ALL DATA ON NON REMOVABLE DISK DRIVE x WILL BE LOST Proceed with Format YIN If you want to format your hard disk type Y IENTER I If you do not want to FORMAT your hard disk...

Page 118: ...creation Store this information in a safe place It helps you estimate how long a diskette has been in use While formatting a diskette FORMAT displays Formatting When the format is complete FORMAT disp...

Page 119: ...direct execution to partic ular subroutines when particular conditions exist See the IF command Using GOTO and IF you can create a batch file that copies a specified source file to a specified target...

Page 120: ...the root directory the current directory Finally it replaces 3 with Oldfile asm and 4 with Newfile asm The batch file checks to see if Newfile asm exists in the current directory If it does the batch...

Page 121: ...ity Also use PCMODE for other PC compatible printers TMODE Tandy printers with a DIP switch set for Tandy compatibility DMPllO The Tandy DMP 110 printer R causes black to be printed as black and white...

Page 122: ...ximum of 8 shades of gray on a black and white printer or in 16 colors on a CGP 220 printer On black and white printers the image is printed sideways when the video mode is 640x200 Once initialized sc...

Page 123: ...label after the disk is formatted If you use this parameter you can enter a label of a maximum of 11 characters or you can press ENTER I to bypass the prompt IB causes HFORMAT to prompt for informati...

Page 124: ...awed areas HFORMAT locks out these areas so that MS DOS never writes to them When the format is complete MS DOS displays this message nnnnnnnn bytes total disk space nnnnnnnn bytes in bad sectors nnnn...

Page 125: ...disk To begin the hard disk format process power up your com puter and insert an MS DOS diskette into Drive A Insert the Hard Disk Utilities diskette into Drive B and boot your sys tem If you only hav...

Page 126: ...o Drive B and boot your system After you enter the HSECT command the following prompt appears Which hard drive do you want to format C O To format the primary hard disk drive type c ENTER I To for mat...

Page 127: ...As an example if your Media Error Map lists Head 4 Cylin der 100 and Head 5 Cylinder 100 as defective type 4 1 ENTER I 5 1 IENTER I After you enter all the defective heads and tracks listed on the ma...

Page 128: ...t the command is to execute only if the program previously executed by COM MAND has an exit code of number or higher stringl string2 indicates that the command is to exe cute only if stringl and strin...

Page 129: ...y IENTER goto end w IENTER chd 1 r user myprog IENTER I got 0 z IENTER x IENTER I chdir user samprog IENTER I got 0 z IENTER I y ENTER I c h d i r use r sal pro 9 ENTER I z IENTER I c h d i r IENTER...

Page 130: ...ot exist myfile echo can t find flle IENTER I displays Can t fin d f i 1e if the file Myfile doesn t exist if exist all lst goto g sends program execution to the line after G if all lst exists 116 I I...

Page 131: ...directory with that pathname After you issue the JOIN command the first drive name becomes invalid If you try to use that drive name MS DOS displays the error message Invalid drive You can only join...

Page 132: ...s ICTRL II SHIFT I ill Although you can have more than one KEYTXX program res ident in memory at one time you can operate only in the last loaded version You can use the SELECT command to create a DOS...

Page 133: ...i I Chapter 6 Command Reference Allowable Key Combinations r I I I n I r I r I i France Germany Italy Spain UK aAei 60uUyaelou aeEi6uaelou aAei 60uUyaelou aeiouEaeiouaAei 60uUyaefou no dead keys 119...

Page 134: ...maximum of 11 characters If you do not include a new volume name in the command line the program displays the following prompt Volume label 11 characters ENTER for none Add a volume label or change th...

Page 135: ...line feed after they receive a carriage return With some programs this causes an extra line to print between each line of characters LF sup presses the line feed sent to the printer by the software Li...

Page 136: ...l printer port this pagination printer filter uses port can be 1 2 or 3 page is the starting page number in the range 1 65535 of the printout The default page number is 1 Notes and Suggestions You can...

Page 137: ...ncel those codes to prevent the same printer LPSETUP pagination conflicts mentioned above In particular use whatever code it takes to cancel skip perforation Each time you invoke LPSETUP with the ON p...

Page 138: ...the LPRINT CHR H1A command in BASIC when you want the same results but with the page number set back to 1 Note how ever that a ICNTL I IT has no effect if issued immediately after a ICNTL I II at leas...

Page 139: ...iage return ASCII OD hex 1 line feed only after each line feed character ASCII OA hex Whether AUTOMATIC page numbering is on or off ESC C 1 to 255 Input to select number of lines per page ESC N 1 to 2...

Page 140: ...1 120 LPRINT CHR 1 TURN ON AUTOMATIC PAGE NUMBERING 130 LPRINT CHR H1B CHR H43 PRINT ESC C LINES PER PAGE 140 LPRINT CHR 66 66 LINES PAGE IN THIS EXAMPLE 150 LPRINT CHR H1B CHR H4E PRINT ESC N LINES...

Page 141: ...irectory structure Parameters pathname tells MS DOS under which directory to create the new directory and specifies the name to give it The pathname can be either relative or absolute Notes and Sugges...

Page 142: ...ory USER in your root directory md user joe IENTER I creates the subdirectory USER JOE in your USER directory mdIe t t e r s IENTER I creates the subdirectory LETTERS under the current directory If th...

Page 143: ...assigns and displays the letter when it installs the MLPART SYS device driver loads it from disk into memory It displays the letter in the following format Tandy MLPART version xx xx xx split disk dr...

Page 144: ...ting up your hard disk When you enter the MLPART command the screen displays the following menu 1 Create DDS2 Partitlon 2 Delete DDS2 Partitlon 3 Display Partition Data 4 Select Next Hard Disk Drive 5...

Page 145: ...ectly from the drive when you start the system The other columns indicate that there is one partition beginning at Cylinder 0 and ending at Cylinder 49 for a total size of 50 cylinders and that the pa...

Page 146: ...0 or 225 MODE video characters Sets video mode and characters per line video can be BW black and white or CO color clw racters can be 40 or 80 MODE COLORMAP old color new color Changes the video palet...

Page 147: ...ort to the default values type MODE COM number IENTER I where number is the RS232 port number The default values are set and displaved on the screen MODE FAST Sets the CPU speed to 7 16 MHz the defaul...

Page 148: ...on MODE MONO and video adapter to Mono Text MODE SLOW Sets the CPU speed to 4 77 MHz The default is 7 16 MHz MODE TV Sets the computer to use a color TV Sets 200 video scan lines color video mode and...

Page 149: ...o 7 16 MHz mode lpt1 132 pc IENTER I specifies a line printer column width of 132 for a PC compatible printer mod e 1 p t 1 1 on 9 IENTER I sets a two minute line printer timeout delay mode lpt1 com1...

Page 150: ...pro cess continues until all the input data has been read Examples type myfdes comlmore IENTER I displays the file Myfiles com one screen at a time MS DOS dis plays the message _MORE_ at the bottom of...

Page 151: ...al values to be changed data2 is a list of the hexadecimal data values to replace datal Notes and Suggestions In addition to using PATCH to change your own programs you can use it to implement minor p...

Page 152: ...ff the system MS DOS searches the specified path s each time you use an external command Parameters pathname specifies the drives and or directories in which MS DOS searches for external commands If y...

Page 153: ...directory Use PATH to make MS DOS search A BIN for external commands You can specify A BIN only or you can specify all directories on Drive A separating them with semi colons To specify A BIN only typ...

Page 154: ...rminate batch job YIN If you press Y execution ceases and control returns to MS DOS If you press N execution continues During the execution of the batch file you might need to per form some action bef...

Page 155: ...already exists the copy will destroy the origi nal contents of All lst To avoid destroying All lst create this batch file copy con comblist bat ENTERJ REM This file combines lst files into all 1 s t...

Page 156: ...execution and displays the message Pre55 CTRL C if un5ure or Strike a key when ready e c hoi n5e r t d 15k toe he c kin d r 1ve b ENTER I pa u 5 e IENTER I pauses execution and displays the message In...

Page 157: ...ied IC deletes cancels from the print queue the file that immedi ately precedes and all files that follow IC in the command line IP adds to the print queue prints the file that immediately pre cedes a...

Page 158: ...typing prlnt Jan feb march aprll may June July aug 5 e p t 0 c t IENTER I Use your computer while the Jan and Feb files are printing Then because these are no longer in the queue there is room to add...

Page 159: ...t s t IENTER I removes the file Templ tst from the queue and adds the files Temp2 tst and Temp3 tst PRINT can output either of the follow ing messages to the printer They serve only to remind you tha...

Page 160: ...selects the number of files allowed in the print queue The number of files can be in the range 4 to 32 the default is 10 You only use this switch once the first time you run PRINT IC turns on the canc...

Page 161: ...nt temp1 tst temp2 tst temp3 tst stores the three files indicated in the print queue If your printer is connected and ready background printing begins print It empties the print queue print a temp1 ts...

Page 162: ...the chart below A combination of characters strings and special prompt s In the prompt text you must precede the following symbols with the character I w i I LJ J J Character Prompt I I L J t The cur...

Page 163: ...prompt TIME q t _DATE q d IENTER I In this case the new system prompt is similar to the following TIME 7 4 7 DATE Thu 11 15 1984 Because your computer has an ANSI escape sequence driver ANSLSYS you ca...

Page 164: ...prompt p IENTER I sets the current directory including the current drive as the prompt Note As you can see from the A g example some prompts hinder rather than help Use PROMPT carefully 150 I L J j U...

Page 165: ...ans the disk File Allocation Table FAT for chains of allocation units It creates a new root directory for each chain Use the RECOVER drive command only if the disk s directory is unusable If there is...

Page 166: ...the file USER SAM Pamphlet txt that is on the cur rent disk recover oldbook txt IENTER I recovers the file Oldbook txt that is in the current directory recover b 1 ENTER J recovers the disk in Drive...

Page 167: ...ile Examples rem Thi5 flle i5 called billfile bat IENTER I The REM statement is displayed if ECHO is on rem pathname1 replace5 r 1 pathname2 replace5 r 2 displays the REM statement as a message if ECH...

Page 168: ...tion in the original name Newfile is changed to oldfile If you also include a wild card in the pathname MS DOS renames all files in the specified directory that match the pathname For example if you t...

Page 169: ...to replace a read only file causes an error and stops the replace process IS searches all subdirectories of the target directory while replacing matching files This switch is incompatible with the IA...

Page 170: ...st version of this file that exists on the disk in drive A you would type 1 2 3 5 8 15 Other Command line error File Not Found Path Not Found Access Denied Insufficient Memory Invalid Drive Standard M...

Page 171: ...ts subdirectories P prompts before restoring read only files and files that have been changed since the last backup l I Notes and Suggestions RESTORE works best if BUFFERS 5 or greater in the CONFIG S...

Page 172: ...at have the extension dat and that were backed up from the current directory of drive C res tor e i3 c use r 5 tor e 1 d i3 t IENTER I restores from Drive A the file Storel dat that was backed up from...

Page 173: ...restore IS restores all files in the directory specified by pathname as well as its subdirectories IP matches the files specification of any hidden or read only files Prompts for permission to restore...

Page 174: ...c Is restores all files backed up from all directories on Drive C restore a c dat p restores all files from Drive A that have the extension dat pre viously backed up from the current directory of Dri...

Page 175: ...files you can remove the directory to save disk space You can only delete an empty directory one that does not con tain any subdirectories or files r You cannot remove the root directory Examples I r...

Page 176: ...USER ANN ACCTS which contains the file Drugstor dat from Drive B If you wish to keep the file Drugstor dat copy it to another directory and then use ERASE to delete it from the Drive B current directo...

Page 177: ...ion is changed to the new country code If you also specify keyboard with or without IUS a new MS DOS diskette is created The IUS switch can only be used with a key board parameter The following table...

Page 178: ...eboot the computer with the newly created MS DOS diskette for the new keyboard layout and country code to change SELECT creates new AUTOEXEC BAT and CONFIG SYS files on the backup diskette The version...

Page 179: ...en MS DOS reserves a part of memory for environment variables If you use a name that already exists in the environment SET replaces the old value of name with the new string You use SET to its greates...

Page 180: ...se you have four system prompts all of which you use often Rather than repeatedly entering the PROMPT com mand with parameters use batch files to do the work for you First assign each prompt a unique...

Page 181: ...rompt to the ver5ion number and greater than 5ymbol IENTER I promp prompt3 IENTER I ill ENTER I Now you can quickly change your prompt to any of these four simply by executing the appropriate batch fi...

Page 182: ...tring 5 e t d r i ve IENTER I voids the current setting for the variable name drive 5 e t tty v t 2 ENTER I sets your TTY console value to VT52 until you use another SET command to change it 5 e t ENT...

Page 183: ...is 20 bytes The default value is 2048 bytes L locks specifies the number of locks allowed The default is 20 Notes and Suggestions Once you use SHARE in an MS DOS session SHARE checks all read and wri...

Page 184: ...t 1 Pharm dat 1 Autodeal dat 2 Autodeal dat 2 Hardware dat 3 Hardware dat 3 Grocery dat 4 Grocery dat 4 Dimestor dat 5 Dimestor dat 5 Theater dat 6 Theater dat 6 Cafe dat 7 Cafe dat 7 Photo dat 8 Phot...

Page 185: ...batch file that lets you copy as many files as you wish from A USER to B USER It substitutes the first given file for 1 and copies it Then it substitutes the next file copies it and so on This way yo...

Page 186: ...recording heads onto the innermost tracks where information is not stored and where such inadvertent bumping cannot destroy data Always use SHIPTRAK before relocating your hard disk or anytime you thi...

Page 187: ...t sorts from Z to A If you omit this parame ter the sort is from A to Z n begins the sort at Column n If you omit this parameter the sort begins at Column 1 Notes and Suggestions Use SORT to alphabeti...

Page 188: ...rt txt d i r Isor t 1 4 IENTER I pipes the output of the DIR command to the SORT filter which sorts the directory listing starting at Column 14 and displays the output d 1 r Iso r t 1 4 I m0 r e ENTER...

Page 189: ...ically when the printer buffer is full to prevent the computer from locking up S interrupts the spooler s buffering so that your computer imme diately stops printing data in the buffer All printer dat...

Page 190: ...apter 6 Command Reference spooler 12 Ip IENTER J pauses print spooling for Printer 2 s p0 0 1e r 12 1 P IENTER I restarts print spooling for Printer 2 176 I J J J I i i LJ I i I L J I J I I I I I I I...

Page 191: ...he LASTDRIVE command is not in your CONFIG SYS file SUBST defaults to E as the virtual drive name Refer to Appendix B for more information on LASTDRIVE The virtual drive cannot be the same as the curr...

Page 192: ...e target diskette If there is no room on the diskette or in the diskette s directory the SYS program does not work If the target diskette is blank SYS converts it to a system diskette If the target di...

Page 193: ...you omit the entire time parameter TIME displays the cur rent time and prompts you to enter the new time Enter it in the 24 hour format or press IENTER I if you do not want to change the time displaye...

Page 194: ...takes to run a particular program You can change the time format by adding the COUNTRY command to your CONFIG SYS file Refer to Appendix B for more information Examples tim e 1 4 IENTER I sets the tim...

Page 195: ...not specify drive the current drive is assumed IF displays all files in all levels of subdirectories Examples t r e e b IENTER I displays all the directories at all levels contained on the diskette in...

Page 196: ...characters such as bells form feeds and escape sequences to the standard out put device Use TYPE to see if you need to change a file If so you can use EDLIN to make the change See Part 3 for informat...

Page 197: ...ays the number of the MS DOS version that you are using Notes and Suggestions If you have a question or comment about your system you need to know the MS DOS version number when you contact the Radio...

Page 198: ...a program executes a SET VER IFY system call or until you use the VERIFY command again When VERIFY is on it verifies all writes to disk If you omit all parameters MS DOS returns the current setting of...

Page 199: ...displays Volume in drive n has no label Parameters drive indicates the disk for which you wish to display the label If you omit the drive MS DOS displays the volume label of the current disk r L r r...

Page 200: ...irectory part of target pathname XCOPY copies to the current directory The default filename is IA copies only source files that have their archive bit set It does not change the archive bit of the sou...

Page 201: ...han one file the target is a directory If you append a backslash to a target name that tar get is a directory For example xcopy payroll a workers IENTER I creates the directory A WORKERS if the direct...

Page 202: ...verifies that the source and target files are identical xc 0 pya b a IENTER I copies all read only files in the current directory of Drive A to Drive B xcopy a b modfiles d 11 15 86IENTERI copies fro...

Page 203: ......

Page 204: ...r I r 1 l I t J n n l i n I l j I I l J n...

Page 205: ...ing functions by using special keys Following is a chart that illustrates each key and its function I I I Function Copy char Delete char Copy to char Delete to char Copy all Insert Key s ill char em c...

Page 206: ...does not exe cute the command accepts the line for more editing voids the current input Leaves the template unchanged Type and enter a new line or press IENTER Ito display the system prompt makes the...

Page 207: ...the tem plate for editing or reexecution Display and Change Assume you have two files Prog com and Prog asm in the root directory of your MS DOS diskette If you type the following command dir prog co...

Page 208: ...the Template Suppose you misspelled TYPE as BYTE but had not entered the command Set up this situation by typing BYTE and pressing ffiJ again Your screen displays BYTE prog asm_ To avoid retyping the...

Page 209: ...I ill Pressing IDELETE I twice deletes the first two characters B and n The G key copies the third letter T IINSERT I enters the insert mode so that you can insert the letters Y and P ill copies the r...

Page 210: ...I I J I I U i l I I J i I J I J L J LJ I J...

Page 211: ...e not actually in the file Creating a File You can create your own file with EDLIN by typing edll n pa thname IENTER I where pathname refers to either an existing file that you wish to edit or one tha...

Page 212: ...ine 1 The screen loolcs lilce this 1 1 This is a sample file 1 _ You can enter no more than 254 characters into each line To end one line and start another press IENTER I EDLIN places the cur rent lin...

Page 213: ...for editing see the Append Lines command When you have completed editing save both the edited version of the file and the original file by typing E ENTER I However the original file is now saved with...

Page 214: ...he EDLIN prompt Example 2 Copy to Char ill Using the Copy to char function ill copy all characters from the template up to but not including the specified character 1 At the EDLIN prompt type 2 IENTER...

Page 215: ...cters in the template to the new line However if you changed part of the template the Copy All function copies only the remaining characters those that have not been edited Example 4 Delete Char DELET...

Page 216: ...1 a sample file_ 3 Type ICTRL III to void any changes and continue to the next example Example 6 Void Line In this example first make a change to Line 1 and then using the Void Line function ESC I can...

Page 217: ...ar key 1m and press f The screen looks like this n 1 This is a sample file 1 Th1S is a sample __ 3 Now press I INSERT 1 to turn on the insert mode Type edit followed by a single space Then press INSER...

Page 218: ...ayed characters go only to the template for further editing they do not go to the requesting program L 3 Press the Copy All function key ill The screen looks like this 2 The editing keys are easy to u...

Page 219: ...s_ Then type simplify editing tasks IENTER I The screen looks like this 2 The edlting keys are easy to use 2 The edlting keys simplify editing tasks Notice that after you press IENTER the EDLIN prompt...

Page 220: ...I I I l J i 1 i I U i i LJ u i I L J I i LJ I I L I I l I LJ I I...

Page 221: ...may enter EDLIN commands in uppercase or lower case or a combination of characters Except for the Edit Line command EDLIN commands are a single letter You can indicate line numbers relative to the cur...

Page 222: ...with or without a space between the line number and the command For example the delete command 6D is the same as 6 D Control characters such as ICTRL I TI and ICTRL 1m can be inserted into text and e...

Page 223: ...es lines E Ends editing I Inserts lines L Lists text M Moves lines P Pages text Q Quits editing R Replaces lines S Searches text T Transfers lines W Writes lines Command Parameters Most EDLIN commands...

Page 224: ...e displayed The current line is always marked on your screen by an asterisk between the line number and the first character A pound sign N indicates the last line of a program For example the command...

Page 225: ...to memory Before using this command you must write the portion of the file that was loaded into memory and which has been edited to disk Refer to the Write Lines command When the Append command reads...

Page 226: ...tomatically after the copy and the first line copied becomes the current line For example 3 9 1 2 C IENTER I copies Lines 3 9 to Line 12 Line 12 becomes the current line Note Line numbers must not ove...

Page 227: ...en you U5e 9 the Copy command 10 to copy text in your file Notice that the first line copied becomes the current line If you want to insert lines between other lines use line3 to spec ify the line bef...

Page 228: ...f you so choose 4 you may also lnsert 5 a group of lines within 6 other parts of the flle 7 when you use the Copy command 8 to copy text in your file 9 If you so choose 10 you may also insert 11 a gro...

Page 229: ...ng in the file Parameters You can omit the linel parameter line2D IENTER I If you do EDLIN starts deleting at the current line and ends at line2 Your command line must include the comma before line2 t...

Page 230: ...s requlred 5 ln most cases 26 is to specify 27 a number of lines 28 to be deleted 29 deleting can often help 30 to clean up your files Type 5 25D ENTERI The result is 1 Thls sample file 2 shows how 3...

Page 231: ...ten help 8 to clean up your files To delete the current line and the following two lines type 6D IENTER I The result is 1 This sample file 2 shows how 3 the Delete command functlons 4 deleting can oft...

Page 232: ...the line that immediately follows the current line If you don t need to change the line and the cursor is at the beginning or end of the line press IENTER I to accept the line as is If you press IENTE...

Page 233: ...line press the Copy All editing key ill The screen shows 4 four 4 number four __ At this point you can Save the changed line by pressing IENTER I Type more text at the end of the line the insert mode...

Page 234: ...ly created one EDLIN also saves the original file unedited file The original file is given the extension bak for backup When you enter the End Edit command EDLIN appends a IGIRL I mcharacter to serve...

Page 235: ...you use a period to specify the line or if you omit the line parameter EDLIN uses the current line If you use a pound sign to specify the line or if the line you specify is any number larger than the...

Page 236: ...pe I ENTER I at the EDLIN prompt The screen shows 5 _ Now type eve r y tim e you ins e r t new 1 i ne s IENTER I When EDLIN displays the number for the next line type ICTRL I W to return to the EDLIN...

Page 237: ...e LI ENTER I to list the file The screen looks like this 1 This is a sample file 2 to show what happens 3 to the line numbers 4 how they are renumbered 5 every time you insert new lines 6 when using t...

Page 238: ...If you omit both parameters EDLIN displays 23 lines the 11 lines immediately preceding the current line the current line and the 11 lines immediately following the current line If fewer than 11 lines...

Page 239: ...your file To list a range of lines without reference to the current line type the command in this format line1 line2L For example type I 2 5 l IENTER I to produce the following display 2 u5ed to 5how...

Page 240: ...rence To list a range of 23 lines centered around the current line you need only type l IENTER I The screen shows 4 list Cl with different parameters 5 or without any 15 The current Ilne contains an a...

Page 241: ...ock of lines from one place in the file to another Notes I If you omit the line1 parameter or the line2 parameter EDLIN uses the current line EDLIN renumbers the lines according to the direction of th...

Page 242: ...n linelP IENTER I If you do EDLIN lists 23 lines The last line displayed becomes the current line This com mand differs from the List command in that the Page com mand changes the current line to the...

Page 243: ...ng session without saving any changes you may have made to the file EDLIN prompts you to make sure you don t want to save the changes Press Y if you want to quit the editing session without saving any...

Page 244: ...terminates and the EDLIN prompt reappears tells Replace to prompt you with o K each time it mod ifies a line Press y to accept the change Press N to reject it In either case the search continues star...

Page 245: ...le type 1 7Rand ICTRLJIIJ or ENTER The result is 2 shows how the Replace commor works or how 4 certaln words or phrases 6 other words or phrases Note that Lines 1 3 5 and 7 are not displayed because t...

Page 246: ...he current line and the search terminates If you press any other key the search continues until it finds another match or searches all lines You can omit the linel parameter by typing the command in t...

Page 247: ...s the current line 1 This sample file 2 shows how the Search command functions 3 to locate and point out 4 a specified string 5 in a range of lines 6 of your file 7 The Search command 8 may include th...

Page 248: ...occurrences of a string until you find the correct one type 1 Sand The result is 2 shows how the Search command functlons O K N 3 to locate and pOlnt out O K N 7 The Search command O K N 8 may lnclud...

Page 249: ...renumbered automatically Notes If you omit line the file contents are inserted ahead of the current line The file to be transferred is read from the current directory of the specified drive or the de...

Page 250: ...e rest of your file you must first write edited lines in memory to disk Then you can load the unedited lines from disk into memory using the Append command Note If you omit the number EDLIN writes lin...

Page 251: ......

Page 252: ...n I t l n c_ 1 i __J n LJ...

Page 253: ...ject module This object module however cannot be understood by the com puter directly To produce machine language code that the computer can under stand you must pass the object module through the lin...

Page 254: ...are defined in the other modules As it combines modules the linker resolves all external references makes sure they are defined If any external reference is not defined in the object modules the linke...

Page 255: ...VM TMP are written to the file you name at the Run F i 1e prompt see Command Prompts in this chapter VM TMP is a working file only the linker deletes it automati cally at the end of the linking sessi...

Page 256: ...le Example Segment Class Name Name Segment 1 PROG 1 CODE Segment 2 PROG 2 CODE Segment 12 PROG 3 DATA Note that segments must have different segment names but may or may not have the same class name S...

Page 257: ...classes In high level language programs the compiler auto matically assigns the names All segments assigned to the same class are loaded into memory contiguously The segments are ordered within a cla...

Page 258: ...nts into classes in the order encountered You can use this information to set the order in which the linker reads the object modules Refer to Chapter 12 for more information on this process Run File f...

Page 259: ...on of lib Separate library pathnames with blank spaces or plus signs The linker searches library files in the order listed when resolving external references When it finds the module that defines the...

Page 260: ...u You use the seven linker switches to control various linker func tions Switches can be grouped at the end of any response or dis u tributed at the ends of several To specify a switch type a slash fo...

Page 261: ...If you omit 1M the linker lists only errors including undefined globals The symbols are listed alphabetically at the end of the list file For each symbol the linker lists its value and its segment off...

Page 262: ...olve external references W I You can start the linker by entering responses to the individual prompts as they are displayed including all responses on the command line creating a file to automatically...

Page 263: ...bject modules and produces a global symbol map because of the 1M switch It then creates a run file with the default name Fun exe creates a list file named Funlist map and searches the library file Cob...

Page 264: ...Fun Text Table and Care The second line omits a name for the run file thus the linker will use the name Fun exe When the linker encounters the P switch it pauses to let you swap disks After doing so...

Page 265: ...ormation on how to determine where relative zero is actually located and how to determine the absolute address of a segment Because you specify 1M the linker displays an alphabetical and a chronologic...

Page 266: ...009F 000F 009F 0000 ADDRESS 009F 0000 009F 0005 009F 0009 009F 000B 009F 000F 009F 0011 009F 0012 009F 0013 PUBLICS_BY_NAME BUFFERS CURRENT_DDS_LOCATION DEFAULT_DRIVE DEV ICE_LI ST FILES FINAL_DDS_LOC...

Page 267: ...hapter 11 Alignment refers to byte word or paragraph segment boundaries You specify the alignment in an assembly language program The byte alignment tells the linker it can start a seg ment on any byt...

Page 268: ...pes as follows Private l I U Ii 0Bj A Ii Public and Stack Ii 0E j 250 Private segments are loaded separately and remain separate They may be physically but not logically contiguous even if the segment...

Page 269: ...class names The linker loads the segments belonging to the first class name encoun tered then loads all the segments of the next class name encoun tered and so on until all classes are loaded If your...

Page 270: ...o classes in the order you want the classes loaded Warning Do not use this method with BASIC COBOL FORTRAN or Pascal programs Allow the compiler and the linker to perform their tasks in the normal way...

Page 271: ...offset The canonical frame address is the largest frame address or seg ment address that can contain the segment An offset is the seg ment s location offset from the beginning of the canonical frame...

Page 272: ...e target and source frame addresses are different I i The target is more than 128 bytes before or after the source frame address 254 The resulting value of the short reference must fit into one signed...

Page 273: ...The beginning of the canonical frame of the tar get is not addressable by the specified frame The resulting value of a near segment relative refer ence must be an unsigned word 16 bits Long References...

Page 274: ...e Order of Operations During each library session MS LIB first deletes or extracts modules then it appends new modules to the end of the file During those operations MS LIB reads each module into mem...

Page 275: ...tion You may want to refer to that section when reading about the different methods for starting MS LIB Method 1 The Keyboard Responses To use this method type LI B IENTER I This command loads MS LIB...

Page 276: ...rs for a detailed explanation of the command characters and defaults List file Enter the filename of the listing file you want to create For example to create the listing file CROSSLST at the prompt t...

Page 277: ...pe LIB PAS CAL PAS CR0 SS PUB IENTER I Method 3 Response File To use this method enter the command in the form LIB filespec IENTER I filespec is the name of a previously created file that contains res...

Page 278: ...p simplify the task of using MS LIB Four of these specify particular operations They are Plus sign append Minus sign delete Asterisk extract I I I I r Ampersand extend line The other command character...

Page 279: ...a t ion prompt again so that you can type more responses Operation CURSOR HEAP HEAP FOIBLES Operation INT ASSUME RIDEj IENTER I Use the ampersand as many times as necessary Only disk space limits the...

Page 280: ...J 1 I j L I I LJ i u i U i I LJ U I I U I I I J...

Page 281: ......

Page 282: ...I I I c 1 i I I I l I J I L _ I i I i 1 L J 11 L 1...

Page 283: ...d Load commands Note When DEBUG is initialized it sets a program segment prefix PSP at Offset 0 in the program work area If you don t specify a pathname you may over write the default PSP If you are d...

Page 284: ...yping ICTRL I en To stop the screen from scrolling type ICTRL I en to continue scrolling press the space bar If a syntax error occurs in a DEBUG command DEBUG dis plays the command line with the error...

Page 285: ...s D range address E address list F range list G addressl address2 H valuel value2 I portaddress L address drive sector sectorcount M range address N filespec1 filespec2 o portaddress byte P address ua...

Page 286: ...hich drive is to be used for accessing or writing data J o 1 2 3 Drive A Drive B Drive C Drlve D I U filespec is a file specification consisting of a drive specification filename and filename extensio...

Page 287: ...Head 0 Track 0 are numbered consecutively Number ing continues with the first sector of the Head 1 track that is of the same radius as Track O When all sectors on all heads of the track that is of th...

Page 288: ...ssembly address The segment override mnemonics are CS DS ES and SS The mnemonic for the far return is RETF String manipula tion mnemonics must explicitly state the string size For example use MOVSW to...

Page 289: ...I You use square brackets to tell DEBUG that an operand refers to a memory location rather than to an immediate operand DEBUG uses the convention that operands enclosed in square brackets refer to mem...

Page 290: ...ck of the same size beginning at address Parameters range is the beginning location and the number of bytes of h first block of memory to be compared address is the beginning address of the block of m...

Page 291: ...Each command compares the block of memory from DS l00 to DS 1FF with the block of memory from DS 300 to DS 3FF DUMP D address D range Displays the contents of the specified address or range in memory...

Page 292: ...ely after the last address displayed by a previous D command If only an offset for the starting address is given the segment indicated by register DB is used Example Des 100 109 IENTER I DEBUG display...

Page 293: ...w value as described above Each press of the space bar advances to the next byte without changing the current byte If you space beyond an eight byte boundary DEBUG starts a new display line Press the...

Page 294: ...value 10 and then type 6F 4BA 10 EB 41 10 BC 42 4BA 1 2 4BA 101 U 6F press IENTER I to end the Enter command FILL F range list Fills the memory locations in the specified range with the values in the...

Page 295: ...breakpoints and the registers flags and instruction line for the next instruction to be executed are displayed Parameters addressl is the start location of the program to be executed address2 gives th...

Page 296: ...f ten addresses can be set in any order If you enter only an offset for a breakpoint address the segment indicated by register CS is used Breakpoints can be set only at addresses that contain the firs...

Page 297: ...on one line Example H 19F 1QJ A IENTER I causes DEBUG to perform the arithmetic and displays the results QJ2A9 QJQJ95 The sum of 19F and lOA is 02A9 and the difference is 0095 INPUT I I portaddress l...

Page 298: ...DEBUG loads the file into memory at address CS I00 and sets BX CX to the number of bytes loaded If you specify address DEBUG loads the file beginning at the specified address in memory In both cases t...

Page 299: ...n DEBUG adds the specified address to the address found in the hex file to determine the start address for loading the file Example DEBUG IENTER I N f i 1e com IENTER I L IENTER I DEBUG loads the file...

Page 300: ...the range enter only an offset value Example M CS 100 110 CS 500 IENTER I causes DEBUG to move the data that is between CS l00 and CS 110 to the memory area beginning at CS 500 NAME N filespecl filesp...

Page 301: ...me command line All characters typed after the N are stored beginning at DS 81 Examples N f i 1e 1 ex e IENTER I L IENTER I N flle2 dat flle3 dat IENTER I G IENTER I The Name command sets Filel exe as...

Page 302: ...tructions and displays the register con tents flags and the next instruction after each Proceed is very similar to Trace except for the following functions J I I l I 1 LJ It automatically executes It...

Page 303: ...s the DEBUG program The Quit command exits DEBUG without saving the file you are debugging and returns to the MS DOS command level Example Q IENTER I ends DEBUG and returns to the MS DOS system prompt...

Page 304: ...Change the contents of the register by entering a one to four character hexadecimal value or leave the con tents unchanged by pressing IENTER I The valid registernames are j L J LJ i I L r I AX BX CX...

Page 305: ...rs at the end of the line Now you can change any of the flag values by typing alphabetic pairs in any order You need not leave spaces between the flag entries Press ENTER I to make the changes and exi...

Page 306: ...CH S range list Searches specified memory for a list of bytes Parameters range is the start and end address in memory where search will be conducted list are the byte values to find Notes The list can...

Page 307: ...uction where trace is to begin value is the number of instructions to be traced beginning with address Notes If you enter T with no parameters DEBUG executes the instruction at C8 IP the current instr...

Page 308: ...ers and flags after each instruction UNASSEMBLE U address U range Disassembles instructions and displays their addresses their hexadecimal values and the source statements that correspond to them Para...

Page 309: ...an offset is used for the starting address the seg ment indicated by register CS is used If you have altered some locations using DEBUG you can enter the U command for the changed locations view the...

Page 310: ...the file beginning at that address In either case you must be certain that BX CX contains the number of bytes to write This value may have been set correctly by the DEBUG or Load commands but later al...

Page 311: ...ffset is entered for the starting address the seg ment indicated by register CS is used If a disk write error occurs DEBUG displays a message Press ill to redisplay the Write command and then press IE...

Page 312: ......

Page 313: ......

Page 314: ...n j n i j r J i I I I I i I I i i l j n r I...

Page 315: ...consist of two types those that occur while MS DOS is writing to a disk or to another system device such as a printer and command errors As well MS DOS special pro grams such as LINK DEBUG or EDLIN h...

Page 316: ...adlng drive B Abort Retry Ignore After displaying the error message MS DOS waits for you to enter one of the following responses A Abort Terminate the program that was in process and return to the MS...

Page 317: ...have a flawed disk Disk r MS DOS has found an error it does not recognize FeB unavailable L_ _ FCB s might not be high enough I l _ r I l r I r General failure A hardware error or the disk is not for...

Page 318: ...nnot successfully write the data You may have a flawed disk Try to copy all files to another disk If this fails you probably have a hardware problem Contact your dealer Write protect You tried to writ...

Page 319: ...es the file at the end of the last valid sector number Bad command or file name The command you typed is not valid Check spelling and reenter the command If the command is an external command be sure...

Page 320: ...that is a subdirectory of the source Compare error s on Track t side 5 Your source and target diskettes are not identical DISKCOMP found that the data on the track indicated by t and the sector indic...

Page 321: ...it MS DOS automatically uses the other FAT To ensure that you do not lose data use the COPY command to copy all files to another disk Divide overflow The processor has set the divide overflow flag Th...

Page 322: ...cel the current file in the print queue File cannot be converted The source file is not in the correct format CS IP does not meet either criterion discussed in the EXE2BIN command CS IP meets the com...

Page 323: ...is error automatically by truncating the file to the last valid data block Incompatible system size The hidden system files do not take up the same amount of space on the target disk as the new system...

Page 324: ...ou used to start MS DOS Invalid country code The country number you specified in CONFIG SYS is not valid Invalid current dlrectory Processing cannot continue Restart the system and rerun CHKDSK Invali...

Page 325: ...as the PRINT output device is invalid r x lost clusters found in y chains Convert lost chains to files YIN If you type Y IENTER I CHKDSK creates a directory entry and a file in which you can resolve t...

Page 326: ...tories PRINT gueue is empty There are no files in the print queue PRINT gueue is full The queue can contain no more than ten files Probable non DOS disk Continue YIN You are not using an MS DOS disk T...

Page 327: ...ommand to format a hard disk Use HFORMAT instead Warning directory full The disk does not contain enough directory space to recover more files Copy some files to another disk then erase the originals...

Page 328: ...Error The EDLIN temporary file cannot be created Verify that the directory has enough space to create the tempo rary file Also be sure that the file does not have the same name as a subdirectory in th...

Page 329: ...is not enough room in memory to hold the file during a Transfer c9mmand Free some memory by writing some files to disk or by deleting some files before you can transfer the file No room in dlrectory...

Page 330: ...e The linker cannot create the file VM TMP because the disk directory is full Insert a new disk Do not remove the disk that is to receive the List map file Error dup record too complex A DUP record in...

Page 331: ...or length of the names caused them to exceed the limit of approximately 25K bytes Too many external symbols ln one module The limit is 256 external symbols per module Too many groups The limit is ten...

Page 332: ...ges DEBUG can display any of the following error messages Each error ends the DEBUG command under which it occurred but does not end DEBUG itself BF Error Bad flag The characters entered to alter flag...

Page 333: ......

Page 334: ...I c I I I J I I...

Page 335: ...turned when only the indicated key is pressed SHIFT the shifted ASCII value returned when ISHIFT I is also pressed l _ CTRL the control ASCII value returned when CTRL is also pressed ALT the alternate...

Page 336: ...Appendix A ASCII and Scan Codes...

Page 337: ...X043 X05C X066 X070 44 FlO X044 X05D X067 X071 45 NUMLOCK number lock 46 HOLD freeze display 47 7 037 05C X093 t 48 8 038 07E X094 t 49 9 pGUP 039 X049 X084 I 4A X050 X086 X096 X097 4B 41 034 07C X09...

Page 338: ...ASCII Character Codes The ASCII and Scan Codes table listed the ASCII codes in hexadecimal generated by each key This table lists the charac ters generated by those ASCII codes Note All ASCII codes in...

Page 339: ...09 09H 041 29H LF 010 OAH 042 2A VT 011 OBH 043 2B FF 012 OCH 044 2C CR 013 ODH 045 2D SO 014 OEH 046 J2E 81 015 OFH 047 2F DLE 016 10H 0 048 30H I DCl 017 llH 1 049 31H DC2 018 12H 2 050 32H r DC3 01...

Page 340: ...L 076 4CH 1 108 6CH M 077 4DH m 109 6DH N 078 4EH n 110 6EH 0 079 4FH a 111 6FH P 080 50H p 112 70H Q 081 51H q 113 71H R 082 52H r 114 72H S 083 53H s 115 73H T 084 54H t 116 74H U 085 55H u 117 75H...

Page 341: ...ETX 004 EaT 005 ENQ 006 ACK 007 beep BEL 008 a BS 009 tab HT 010 line feed LF 011 home VT 012 form feed FF 013 carriage return CR 014 n SO 015 p SI 016 DLE 017 DC1 018 DC2 019 DC3 020 DC4 021 NAK 022...

Page 342: ...3 I L 037 074 J 038 075 K 039 076 L 040 077 M 041 078 N 042 079 0 043 080 P 044 081 Q 045 082 R 046 083 S 047 084 T 048 0 085 U 049 1 086 V 050 2 087 W 051 3 088 X 052 4 089 Y 053 5 090 z 054 6 091 05...

Page 343: ...1 0 148 0 112 P 149 0 113 q 150 A u 114 151 U 115 s 152 y 116 153 0 117 u 154 0 118 v 155 4 119 w 156 120 x 157 l 121 Y 158 Pt 122 z 159 f 123 160 a 124 161 125 162 6 126 163 U 127 0 164 n 128 C 165 N...

Page 344: ...187 225 3 188 226 r 189 lJ 227 n 190 d 228 r 191 229 a 192 L 230 1 1 193 L 231 T 194 I 232 195 233 Q 196 234 fl 197 235 cl LJ 198 f 236 00 199 I 237 0 I 200 238 I lh 201 rr 239 n 202 db 240 203 if 24...

Page 345: ...create the file See Part 3 for information on creating files with EDLIN You can also create a CON FIG SYS file with the COPY command copy con conflg 5y5 ENTER The cursor blinks as the system waits fo...

Page 346: ...ELL 322 Purpose Sets the ICTRL I check Sets the number of disk buffers Allows for international time date and cur rency format and characters Installs a device driver into the system Include one DEVIC...

Page 347: ...a block of memory in which MS DOS temporar ily stores data during disk input output operations whenever the amount of data read or written is not an exact multiple of the sector size Buffers are 512 b...

Page 348: ...valid country codes The default is 001 for the United States Country Code Australia 061 Belgium 032 French Canada 002 Denmark 045 Finland 358 France 033 Germany 049 Italy 039 Israel 972 Middle East Ne...

Page 349: ...o install you need to include one DEVICE com mand in your CONFIG SYS file See Appendix C for more infor mation on the device driver commands If you have written your own device drivers you can include...

Page 350: ...have a computer with an internal tape drive unit on Drive D that is configured at boot time to write 20 tracks of 40 sectors per track If you want to reconfigure this tape drive to write 10 tracks of...

Page 351: ...umber of files opened by FCBs that MS DOS I cannot close automatically if an application tries to open morE than nl files by FCB This option protects the first n2 files opened by FCBs from being close...

Page 352: ...physical drives you have on your system A network redirection must occur to make any of the extra drives defined by LASTDRIVE valid MS DOS allocates a data structure for each drive you specify Therefo...

Page 353: ...ce you are adding to the system The file is usually supplied on disk with your device Be sure you save the device file in the directory that you specify with the DEVICE command The file also sets the...

Page 354: ...r rent CONFIG 8YS file then type r e nco nfig old t 0 con fig s Ys IENTER I To expand an existing CONFIG 8YS file to add a new device driver you might type cop y con fig s Ys con IENTER I device mypri...

Page 355: ...YS MLPART SYS SPOOLERSYS and VDISKSYS Device Driver Purpose ANSI SYS Provides programmers with many extended screen and keyboard features such as the ability to change graphics functions DRIVERSYS Ena...

Page 356: ...hat enables your system to support more than two floppy disk drives and more than two hard disk drives In addition DRIVERSYS lets you assign more than one logical drive letter to a single drive To ins...

Page 357: ...RIVER SYS uses a default of 2 720K IH n specifies the maximum head number n is a value in the range 1 to 99 IN tells MS DOS that the device is non removable IS n specifies the number of sectors per tr...

Page 358: ...kip perforation function Cancel the skip perforation function Ignore the next n codes Reset the printer driver Convert a single code into a series of printer codes Repeat n characters Suppress the lin...

Page 359: ...I CHR 27 sends the ESCAPE CHR 67 sends the C and CHR 55 sends the number of lines 1 Printer Control Codes Function Code Result Set lines per page ESCAPE C n i i Set horizontal tabs ESCAPE D nI n2 n3 n...

Page 360: ...the next vertical tab stop Advance to top of FF Advances paper to the page form feed next top of page When the printer is turned on the top of page is automatically set to 66 lines from the printer p...

Page 361: ...you can set any code to be converted To obtain the memory address of the code in the table make the necessary BIOS call from an assembly language program as follows 1 Set the AH register to 3 2 Execut...

Page 362: ...le device driver that lets your com puter access multiple non bootable DOS2 partitions on a hard disk drive To create these partitions you use the MLPART COM command See MLPART in Part 2 of this manua...

Page 363: ...For Buffering Data to the Printer SPOOLERSYS is a loadable driver that buffers data to the printer by temporarily placing the data in memory SPOOLER spools the data to the printer whenever the printer...

Page 364: ...can assign volume labels to virtual disks You can select the amount of memory for each virtual disk to use Warning If you turn off or reset the computer you lose the contents of virtual disks Copy th...

Page 365: ...can select a value in the range 2 to 512 The default value is 64 VDISK might adjust the dir value up to the nearest sector size boundary If the virtual disk is too small to hold the FAT file allocatio...

Page 366: ......

Page 367: ...he MS DOS partition and make it bootable Use the IE switch to enter bad track information MS DOS Version 3 2 Most of the MS DOS 3 2 hard disk setup programs are provided on the Supplemental Programs d...

Page 368: ...tions on your hard disk 6 Copy MLPART SYS from the Supplemental Programs diskette to your hard disk drive Be sure to include a DEVICE MLPART SYS command in your hard disk s CQNFIG SYS file 7 Reboot th...

Page 369: ...that are equipped for communication The operation of a program on assembly language source code to create a machine language or binary file Binary files are given the extension exe in MS DOS and you...

Page 370: ...reen or keyboard current The directory in which you are currently directory operating Check Commands Section II for ways to change the current directory current The operating drive the drive that cont...

Page 371: ...input Send data or information to a device You could dump a screen text on the monitor to a disk or dump a buffer to a printer Text on the screen that indicates a problem See Section VI for a descrip...

Page 372: ...ariable item of information appended to a command that defines or customizes the command The route through directories and subdirec tories to a specific file The direction the operating system takes t...

Page 373: ...directory listing to be displayed on the screen in the wide mode The rules governing the structure of a com mand such as spelling the order in which commands and parameters are to be given or which c...

Page 374: ...i i I I C I i I I I i...

Page 375: ...311 320 ASCII file 53 56 59 assemble 345 assembler 236 345 ASSIGN 37 39 103 asterisk used to extract library modules 261 ATTRIB 40 AUTOEXEC BAT 24 164 169 AUX 9 64 background 345 background printing...

Page 376: ...7 character scan codes converting to US scan codes 118 characters per line setting 132 CHDIR 47 48 CHKDSK 49 50 class 238 239 CLS 51 COBOL 252 color TV 134 C01il C01i2 9 64 combine types 249 command 3...

Page 377: ......

Page 378: ...NAME 280 281 OUTPUT 282 PROCEED 282 283 QUIT 283 REGISTER 283 286 SEARCH 286 287 TRACE 287 288 UNASSEMBLE 288 289 WRITE 290 291 DEBUG command summary 265 DEBUG error messages 310 DEBUG starting 263 d...

Page 379: ...sk bootable 99 102 109 DISKCOMP 39 70 71 DISKCOPY 39 72 73 diskettes comparing 70 71 copying 72 73 formatting 99 104 DISKTYPE 74 display 347 displaying a command line 191 192 displaying lines with EDL...

Page 380: ...ansfer Lines 233 Write Lines 234 EDLIN command summary 207 EDLIN editing keys copy all 199 copy character 198 copy to character 198 delete character 199 delete to character 200 enter line 202 203 repl...

Page 381: ...261 FC 82 92 FDISK 93 94 111 112 343 File Allocation Table 151 file control blocks 327 328 file editing 195 203 file handles 327 328 filename extension see extension filenames 6 7 347 files adding to...

Page 382: ...l 189 copy character 189 copy to character 189 delete character 189 delete to character 189 end of file 190 enter line 190 insert 189 replace template 190 void line 190 global symbols 243 GOTO 105 106...

Page 383: ...put device changing 64 input output redirecting 19 inserting text in a command line 192 with EDLIN 219 221 installable device drivers ANSLSYS 332 configuring in system 324 325 DRIVERSYS 332 333 KEYCNV...

Page 384: ...ing with the prompt method 257 258 line feed 107 suppressing after carriage return 121 line printer 9 linefeed setting for printer 132 lines specifying in EDLIN commands 208 linker alignment 249 assig...

Page 385: ...mbine type 253 merging files with EDLIN 233 messages displaying during batch file execution 75 76 minus sign used to delete library modules 260 MKDIR 12 13 127 128 MLFORMAT 129 344 MLPART MLPART COM 1...

Page 386: ...th 348 pathname 8 9 348 substituting a virtual drive name for a pathname 177 PAUSE 22 140 142 period to indicate current directory 17 to indicate current line 208 periods to indicate parent directory...

Page 387: ...eplacing strings with EDLIN 228 229 RESTORE 157 160 finding which disk to restore 43 RMDIR 13 161 162 root directory 6 349 joining to a different pathname 117 RS 232 ports 9 64 RS232 communication par...

Page 388: ...49 L i deleting with EDLIN 228 229 replacing with EDLIN 228 229 searching for with EDLIN 230 232 subdirectories copying 186 188 displaying 181 i restoring 157 159 SUBST 39 103 177 switches 33 349 j sy...

Page 389: ...isplay shifting left and right 134 video mode setting 132 134 video palette color changing 132 135 video scan lines setting 132 134 virtual disks 340 341 virtual drive name 177 VM TMP 237 VOL 185 volu...

Page 390: ...J...

Page 391: ......

Page 392: ......