=
=
=
c=
=
c=
=
=
QT
pá= äÉ= éêçÄä≠ãÉ= éÉêëáëíÉI= Åçåí~ÅíÉê= äÉ= ëÉêîáÅÉ=
ÇÛ~ëëáëí~åÅÉ=íÉÅÜåáèìÉ=~ìíçêáë¨K=
=
=
=
=
ib=jlqbro=abp=_olppbp=kb=clk`qflkkb=m^p=
NK= s¨êáÑáÉê=èìÉ=äÛáåíÉêêìéíÉìê=¶=ÅäÉÑ=ëçáí=éçëáíáçåå¨É=
Ç~åë=äÉ=ëÉåë=ÇÉë=~áÖìáääÉë=ÇDìåÉ=ãçåíêÉ=éçìê=ãÉííêÉ=
Éå= ÑçåÅíáçå= ä~= ã~ÅÜáåÉK= bå= éê¨ëÉåÅÉ= ÇÉë= ëáÖå~ìñ=
ÇD~ä~êãÉI= áä= Éëí= å¨ÅÉëë~áêÉ= ÇÉ= ÑÉêãÉê= Éí= ê~ääìãÉê= ä~=
ã~ÅÜáåÉ=éçìê=ê¨í~Ääáê=ä~=ÑçåÅíáçåK=
OK= `çåíê∑äÉê=äÛ¨í~í=ÇÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=ÇÉë=Ä~ííÉêáÉë=ëìê=äÉ=ÇáëJ
éä~ó=ENFK=
PK= s¨êáÑáÉê= ÇD~îçáê= ~Åíáî¨= ÅçêêÉÅíÉãÉåí= ä~= ÑçåÅíáçå=
ÇÉ=ä~î~ÖÉ=~îÉÅ=äÉë=ÄêçëëÉë=Eîçáê=é~ê~Öê~éÜÉ=^`qflkJ
kbjbkq=ab=i^=j^`efkbÒFK=
QK= páI=ëçáí=Éå=ãçÇÉ=Ej^kF=ëçáí=E^rqlFI=äÉ=í¨ãçáå=ENUF=
Éëí=~ääìã¨=ã~áë=äÉë=ÄêçëëÉë=åÉ=íçìêåÉåí=é~ëI=Åçåí~ÅJ
íÉê=äÉ=ëÉêîáÅÉ=ÇÛ~ëëáëí~åÅÉ=íÉÅÜåáèìÉ=~ìíçêáë¨K=
=
=
ib=jlqbro=ab=qo^`qflk=kb=clk`qflkkb=m^p=
NK
pD~ëëÉçáê=¶=ä~=éä~ÅÉ=Çì=ÅçåÇìÅíÉìêK=
OK
s¨êáÑáÉê=èìÉ=äÛáåíÉêêìéíÉìê=¶=ÅäÉÑ=ëçáí=éçëáíáçåå¨É=
Ç~åë=äÉ=ëÉåë=ÇÉë=~áÖìáääÉë=ÇDìåÉ=ãçåíêÉ=éçìê=ãÉííêÉ=
Éå= ÑçåÅíáçå= ä~= ã~ÅÜáåÉK= bå= éê¨ëÉåÅÉ= ÇÉë= ëáÖå~ìñ=
ÇD~ä~êãÉI= áä= Éëí= å¨ÅÉëë~áêÉ= ÇÉ= ÑÉêãÉê= Éí= ê~ääìãÉê= ä~=
ã~ÅÜáåÉ=éçìê=ê¨í~Ääáê=äÉ=ÑçåÅíáçååÉãÉåíK=
PK
`çåíê∑äÉê=äÛ¨í~í=ÇÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=ÇÉë=Ä~ííÉêáÉë=ëìê=äÉ=ÇáëJ
éä~ó=ENFK=
QK
`çåíê∑äÉê=é~ê=äÉ=í¨ãçáå=ENRF=èìÉ=äÉ=ÑêÉáå=ÇÉ=ëí~J
íáçååÉãÉåí=åÉ=ëçáí=é~ë=ÉåÅäÉåÅܨ=Éí=¨îÉåíìÉääÉãÉåí=
äÉ=ǨÄäçèìÉê=Eîçáê=é~ê~Öê~éÜÉ=@cobfk=aDrodbk`b=bq=
ar=pq^qflkkbjbkq?FK=
RK
^ééìóÉê=ëìê=ä~=é¨Ç~äÉ=ÇÉ=äD~ÅŨä¨ê~íÉìê=ëáíì¨É=¶=ä~=
ÇêçáíÉ=éçìê=Ǩã~êêÉê=ä~=ã~ÅÜáåÉK=
pá= äÉ= éêçÄä≠ãÉ= éÉêëáëíÉI= Åçåí~ÅíÉê= äÉ= ëÉêîáÅÉ=
ÇÛ~ëëáëí~åÅÉ=íÉÅÜåáèìÉ=~ìíçêáë¨K=
=
=
=
i^= plirqflk= kb= abp`bkab= m^p= pro= ibp=
_olppbp=lr=kDbpq=m^p=prccfp^kqb=
NK
s¨êáÑáÉê=èìÉ=äÛáåíÉêêìéíÉìê=¶=ÅäÉÑ=ëçáí=éçëáíáçåå¨É=
Ç~åë=äÉ=ëÉåë=ÇÉë=~áÖìáääÉë=ÇDìåÉ=ãçåíêÉ=éçìê=ãÉííêÉ=
Éå=ÑçåÅíáçå=ä~=ã~ÅÜáåÉK=
OK
`çåíê∑äÉê=äÛ¨í~í=ÇÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=ÇÉë=Ä~ííÉêáÉë=ëìê=äÉ=ÇáëJ
éä~ó=ENFK==
PK
s¨êáÑáÉê= ÇD~îçáê= ~Åíáî¨= ÅçêêÉÅíÉãÉåí= ä~= ÑçåÅíáçå=
ÇÉ= ä~î~ÖÉ= ~îÉÅ= äÉë= ÄêçëëÉë= Eîçáê= é~ê~Öê~éÜÉ= @^`J
qflkkbjbkq=ab=i^=j^`efkbÒFK=
QK
`çåíê∑äÉê= èìÉ= äÉ= êçÄáåÉí= ëçáí= çìîÉêí= Eîçáê= é~ê~J
Öê~éÜÉ=@obdi^db=ar=ab_fq=ab=i^=plirqflk=abqboJ
dbkqbÒFK==
RK
páI=ëçáí=Éå=ãçÇÉ=Ej^kF=ëçáí=E^rqlFI=äÉ=í¨ãçáå=EOMF=
Éëí= ~ääìã¨= ã~áë= ä~= ëçäìíáçå= åÉ= ÇÉëÅÉåÇÉ= é~ê= ëìê= äÉë=
ÄêçëëÉëI=áä=Éëí=å¨ÅÉëë~áêÉ=ÇÉW=
=
~K=Åçåíê∑äÉê=äÉ=åáîÉ~ì=ÇÉ=äáèìáÇÉ=Ç~åë=äÉ=ê¨ëÉêîçáêK==
=
ÄK=Åçåíê∑äÉê=èìÉ=äÉ=ÑáäíêÉ=ëçäìíáçå=ëçáí=éêçéêÉ=Eîçáê=
Ç~åë=äÉ=é~ê~Öê~éÜÉ=@kbqqlv^db=ar=obpboslfo=plJ
irqflk=bq=ar=cfiqob=buqbofbroÒFK=
=
ÅK=Åçåíê∑äÉê=èìÉ=äÉ=ÑáäíêÉ=áåí¨êáÉìê=Çì=ê¨ëÉêîçáê=ëçJ
äìíáçå=ëçáí= éêçéêÉ= Eîçáê= é~ê~Öê~éÜÉ= @kbqqlv^db= ar=
cfiqob=fkqbofbro=ar=obpboslfo=ab=plirqflkÒFK=
pá= äÉ= éêçÄä≠ãÉ= éÉêëáëíÉI= Åçåí~ÅíÉê= äÉ= ëÉêîáÅÉ=
ÇÛ~ëëáëí~åÅÉ=íÉÅÜåáèìÉ=~ìíçêáë¨K=
=
=
=
i^=j^`efkb=kb=kbqqlfb=m^p=_fbk=
NK= iÉë= ÄêçëëÉë= åDçåí= é~ë= äÉë= Äêáåë= ÇÉ= ä~= ÇáãÉåëáçå=
~ééêçéêá¨ÉW= Åçåí~ÅíÉê= äÉ= ëÉêîáÅÉ= ÇÛ~ëëáëí~åÅÉ= íÉÅÜJ
åáèìÉ=~ìíçêáë¨K=
OK= iÉë=ÄêçëëÉë=çåí=äÉë=Äêáåë=ìë¨ëK=`çåíê∑äÉê=äÛ¨í~í=ÇÉ=
Ǩí¨êáçê~íáçå=ÇÉë=ÄêçëëÉë=Éí=¨îÉåíìÉääÉãÉåí=äÉë=êÉãJ
éä~ÅÉê=EäÉë=ÄêçëëÉë=ÇçáîÉåí=ÆíêÉ=êÉãéä~ŨÉë=èì~åÇ=äÉë=
Äêáåë=
ëçåí=
~êêáî¨ë=
¶=
ìåÉ=
Ü~ìíÉìê=
ÇÛÉåîáêçå=KSMÒLNRããFK=
mçìê= êÉãéä~ÅÉê= äÉë= ÄêçëëÉë= îçáê= @abjlkq^db= abp=
_olppbpÒ=Éí=@jlkq^db=abp=_olppbpÒK=
PK= i~=ëçäìíáçå=ǨíÉêÖÉåíÉ=Éëí=áåëìÑÑáë~åíÉW=~ìÖãÉåJ
íÉê= äDçìîÉêíìêÉ= Çì= êçÄáåÉí= Eîçáê= é~ê~Öê~éÜÉ= ?obJ
di^db=ar=ab_fq=ab=i^=plirqflk=abqbodbkqb?FK=
QK= `çåíê∑äÉê=èìÉ=äÉ=ǨíÉêÖÉåí=ëçáí=Ç~åë=äÉ=éçìêÅÉåJ
í~ÖÉ=ÅçåëÉáää¨K=
RK= ^ìÖãÉåíÉê= ä~= éêÉëëáçå= ÇÉ= äDÉãÄ~ëÉ= ÇÉë= ÄêçëëÉë=
Eîçáê=Ç~åë=äÉ=é~ê~Öê~éÜÉ=?obdi^db=ab=i^=mobppflk=
abp=_olppbp?FK=
`çåëìäíÉê= äÉ= ëÉêîáÅÉ= ÇÛ~ëëáëí~åÅÉ= íÉÅÜåáèìÉ= ~ìíçêáë¨=
éçìê=íçìí=ÅçåëÉáäK=
=
ib=pr`bro=kb=pb`eb=m^p=m^oc^fqbjbkq=
NK
`çåíê∑äÉê= èìÉ= ä~= ÑçåÅíáçå= ÇD~ëéáê~íáçå= ëçáí= ~ääìJ
ã¨É= Éí= èìÉ= äÉ= ê¨ëÉêîçáê= ÇÉ= ê¨Åìé¨ê~íáçå= åÉ= ëçáí= é~ë=
éäÉáåK=
OK
`çåíê∑äÉê= èìÉ= äÉë= Ä~îÉííÉë= ëçáÉåí= éêçéêÉë= Eîçáê=
é~ê~Öê~éÜÉ=@kbqqlv^db=ar=pr`broÒFK=
PK
`çåíê∑äÉê=äÉ=ê¨Öä~ÖÉ=ÇÉ=ä~=Ü~ìíÉìê=Éí=äÛáåÅäáå~áëçå=
Çì=ëìÅÉìê=Eîçáê=@obdi^db=ar=pr`broÒFK=
QK
`çåíê∑äÉê= èìÉ= äÉë= íìó~ìñ= ÇÛ~ëéáê~íáçå= Éí= Çì= ëìJ
ÅÉìê=ëçáÉåí=ÉåÅäÉåÅܨë=ÅçêêÉÅíÉãÉåí=Ç~åë=äÉë=éêçéêÉë=
äçÖÉãÉåíë=ëìê=äÉ=ê¨ëÉêîçáê=ÇÉ=ê¨Åìé¨ê~íáçåK=
RK
fåíÉêîÉåáê=ëìê=äÉ=ÑáäíêÉ=ÇÛ~ëéáê~íáçå=Éå=äÉ=åÉííçó~åí=
Eîçáê= é~ê~Öê~éÜÉ= ?kbqqlv^db= ar= cfiqob= aD^pmfo^J
qflkÒFK=
SK
fåíÉêîÉåáê=ëìê=äÉ=íìó~ì=Çì=ëìÅÉìê=Éå=äÉ=åÉííçó~åí=
Eîçáê=é~ê~Öê~éÜÉ=@kbqqlv^db=qrv^r=ar=pr`broÒFK=
TK
oÉãéä~ÅÉê=äÉë=Ä~îÉííÉë=ëá=ìë¨ÉëK=
=
molar`qflk=bu`bppfsb=ab=jlrppb=
`çåíê∑äÉê=èìÛçå=~=ìíáäáë¨=Çì=ǨíÉêÖÉåí=¶=ãçìëëÉ=~îÉÅ=
ãçǨê~íáçåK= bîÉåíìÉääÉãÉåíI= ~àçìíÉê= ìåÉ= èì~åíáí¨=
ãáåáã~äÉ=ÇÉ=äáèìáÇÉ=~åíáãçìëëÉ=Ç~åë=äÉ=ê¨ëÉêîçáê=ÇÉ=
ê¨Åìé¨ê~íáçåK=
fä=Éëí=Äçå=ÇÉ=ê~ééÉäÉê=èìDÉå=Å~ë=ÇÛìå=ëçä=éÉì=ë~äÉI=ìåÉ=
èì~åíáí¨= éäìë= áãéçêí~åíÉ= ÇÉ= ãçìëëÉ= ëÉ= ÑçêãÉê~K=
a~åë=ÅÉ=Å~ë=ê¨ÇìáêÉ=äÉ=éçìêÅÉåí~ÖÉ=ÇÉ=ä~=ëçäìíáçå=ǨJ
íÉêÖÉåíÉK=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
