Appendix E Wireless LANs
ZyWALL USG 100/200 Series User’s Guide
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use Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in the Counter mode with Cipher block
chaining Message authentication code Protocol (CCMP) to offer stronger
encryption than TKIP.
TKIP uses 128-bit keys that are dynamically generated and distributed by the
authentication server. AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is a block cipher that
uses a 256-bit mathematical algorithm called Rijndael. They both include a per-
packet key mixing function, a Message Integrity Check (MIC) named Michael, an
extended initialization vector (IV) with sequencing rules, and a re-keying
mechanism.
WPA and WPA2 regularly change and rotate the encryption keys so that the same
encryption key is never used twice.
The RADIUS server distributes a Pairwise Master Key (PMK) key to the AP that
then sets up a key hierarchy and management system, using the PMK to
dynamically generate unique data encryption keys to encrypt every data packet
that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless clients. This all
happens in the background automatically.
The Message Integrity Check (MIC) is designed to prevent an attacker from
capturing data packets, altering them and resending them. The MIC provides a
strong mathematical function in which the receiver and the transmitter each
compute and then compare the MIC. If they do not match, it is assumed that the
data has been tampered with and the packet is dropped.
By generating unique data encryption keys for every data packet and by creating
an integrity checking mechanism (MIC), with TKIP and AES it is more difficult to
decrypt data on a Wi-Fi network than WEP and difficult for an intruder to break
into the network.
The encryption mechanisms used for WPA(2) and WPA(2)-PSK are the same. The
only difference between the two is that WPA(2)-PSK uses a simple common
password, instead of user-specific credentials. The common-password approach
makes WPA(2)-PSK susceptible to brute-force password-guessing attacks but it’s
still an improvement over WEP as it employs a consistent, single, alphanumeric
password to derive a PMK which is used to generate unique temporal encryption
keys. This prevent all wireless devices sharing the same encryption keys. (a
weakness of WEP)
User Authentication
WPA and WPA2 apply IEEE 802.1x and Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) to
authenticate wireless clients using an external RADIUS database. WPA2 reduces
the number of key exchange messages from six to four (CCMP 4-way handshake)
and shortens the time required to connect to a network. Other WPA2
authentication features that are different from WPA include key caching and pre-
Summary of Contents for ZyWALL USG 100 Series
Page 2: ......
Page 30: ...Table of Contents ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 30 ...
Page 31: ...31 PART I User s Guide ...
Page 32: ...32 ...
Page 46: ...Chapter 2 Features and Applications ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 46 ...
Page 64: ...Chapter 3 Web Configurator ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 64 ...
Page 186: ...Chapter 7 Tutorials ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 186 ...
Page 223: ...Chapter 8 L2TP VPN Example ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 223 ...
Page 224: ...Chapter 8 L2TP VPN Example ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 224 ...
Page 225: ...225 PART II Technical Reference ...
Page 226: ...226 ...
Page 240: ...Chapter 9 Dashboard ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 240 ...
Page 284: ...Chapter 10 Monitor ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 284 ...
Page 372: ...Chapter 13 Interfaces ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 372 ...
Page 382: ...Chapter 14 Trunks ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 382 ...
Page 398: ...Chapter 15 Policy and Static Routes ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 398 ...
Page 412: ...Chapter 16 Routing Protocols ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 412 ...
Page 432: ...Chapter 19 NAT ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 432 ...
Page 437: ...Chapter 20 HTTP Redirect ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 437 ...
Page 438: ...Chapter 20 HTTP Redirect ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 438 ...
Page 460: ...Chapter 23 Authentication Policy ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 460 ...
Page 478: ...Chapter 24 Firewall ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 478 ...
Page 519: ...Chapter 25 IPSec VPN ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 519 ...
Page 520: ...Chapter 25 IPSec VPN ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 520 ...
Page 534: ...Chapter 26 SSL VPN ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 534 ...
Page 544: ...Chapter 27 SSL User Screens ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 544 ...
Page 546: ...Chapter 28 SSL User Application Screens ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 546 ...
Page 554: ...Chapter 29 SSL User File Sharing ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 554 ...
Page 639: ...Chapter 34 IDP ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 639 ...
Page 640: ...Chapter 34 IDP ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 640 ...
Page 661: ...Chapter 35 ADP ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 661 ...
Page 662: ...Chapter 35 ADP ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 662 ...
Page 694: ...Chapter 37 Content Filter Reports ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 694 ...
Page 712: ...Chapter 38 Anti Spam ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 712 ...
Page 734: ...Chapter 39 Device HA ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 734 ...
Page 750: ...Chapter 40 User Group ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 750 ...
Page 756: ...Chapter 41 Addresses ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 756 ...
Page 768: ...Chapter 43 Schedules ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 768 ...
Page 784: ...Chapter 45 Authentication Method ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 784 ...
Page 806: ...Chapter 46 Certificates ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 806 ...
Page 818: ...Chapter 48 SSL Application ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 818 ...
Page 828: ...Chapter 49 Endpoint Security ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 828 ...
Page 880: ...Chapter 50 System ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 880 ...
Page 920: ...Chapter 54 Reboot ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 920 ...
Page 922: ...Chapter 55 Shutdown ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 922 ...
Page 942: ...Chapter 56 Troubleshooting ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 942 ...
Page 954: ...Chapter 57 Product Specifications ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 954 ...
Page 1126: ...Appendix F Open Software Announcements ZyWALL USG 100 200 Series User s Guide 1126 ...